The French and Indian war Essay Example for Free

The cut and Indian contend EssayThe French and Indian war which took place from 1754 to 1763 was fought between the French, American Indians and undischarged Britain. turnabout to what the title might imply the French and Indian war was not a battle fought between the French and Indian but a war fought against the British with the French and American Indians as allies. This war also goes by the name of the Seven years fight as it was part of the Seven Years war that also took place throughout Europe and Asia (Anderson, F. , 747).The main conflict over the start of the war was an expansion of stain, some(prenominal) New England, nether British linguistic rule and New France, under French rule, wanted to expand their territory. The outcome of this war was highly important to the forming of the unite States as France ceded all of its territory to the east of the disseminated sclerosis river including French Canada to the British, left Great Britain in so much debt it ra ised colonial taxes, and trained future military leaders that the coda of the French and Indian struggle lay the seeds for what would ultimately result in the American Revolution and the formation of the United States of America.This war is considered to be the last major war between, France, Great Britain the Native Americans. Unlike previous wars this siege began on American soil and moved its way into Europe. The Native Americans did fight on both sides but they are primarily considered to have allied with the French. It was during this war that many of the future leaders of the American Revolution, such as George Washington, would fight ironically for Great Britain. As most wars in this time period occurred over the acquisition of land or expansion of territory.Due to Britains strong Navy the British were able to colonize much of the Eastern Seaboard as they had superior ability to transport supplies as well as colonists. British claims to northwesterly American soil came fr om royal grants that had no definite boundaries towards the west (Asimov, I. , 174-175). The French additionally wanted to expand their territory and used Robert de LaSalles exploration to claim the Mississippi river and its surrounding basin for the French.This also would include what is known as the Ohio River Valley basin (Anderson, F. , 2005, 9-10). Both countries wanted to expand their hold over the land for the inbred resources available including fur trading, fertile soil for farming, mince of important fishing grounds and other trades that contributed to economic stimulus. The British colonists also feared the Frenchs turn on religion. British subjects were primarily protestant and the French were Roman Catholic and had many active Missions within North America.A French conquer of North America would provide a affright to the British colonists religious beliefs and like-wise the French feared the British rule as under British legality Catholics were still persecuted. ( Anderson, F. , 2005, 85) Though fighting in North American finished in 1760 the actual end of the war was not until 1763 with the signing of the Treaty of genus Paris and the Treaty of Hubertusburg. France lost all of its territory in North American East of the Mississippi river, including Canada, and retained two small islands off of Newfoundland.France regained the two Caribbean Islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe, previously occupied by the British. Spain gained Louisiana as compensation for losing Florida to the British as well as Cuba and Manila. There was also many other territorial shifts throughout Asia as British regained control of India and Sumatra as an example. The outcome of this was the key that set events into motion for the future formation of the United States of America. (Marston. , D. , 84) Great Britain was now in control of the majority of North America.But the war and resulting treaty had left enormous debts as France had traded French Canada for the Caribbe an islands. The islands provided a large economic value as they were a large source of sugar and being small islands much easier to defend. Great Britain chose to pay off its debts from tax money collected from the colonies. The end of the French control in North America also influenced the start of the American Revolution as it united the colonists to focus on one enemy, namely the British alternatively of having to worry about additional conflict.The increase in taxes as well as the withdrawal of French rule in North American would establish fuel for increasing conflicts between the colonies and Great Britain and ultimately result in the American Revolution and the formation of the United States or America. (Anderson, F. , 2005, 242-250) It should also be far-famed that many of the American Revolutions military leaders participated in the French and Indian War. George Washington commanded troops at the first confrontation of the French and Indian war were he was sent to negotiat e boundaries with the French at Fort Duquesne, currently Pittsburgh.A skirmish occurred in which a French officer was killed and added weight for the French to resist (Ellis, J. , 5). Additional Revolutionary war heroes served under the great general Edward Braddock during the French and Indian War, Brigadier General and Adjutant General Horatio Gates, Captain Daniel Morgan of Morgans Sharpshooters rifle company, and Major General Charles Lee of the Continental Army to name but a few (Higginbotham, D). It is possible that without the French and Indian War the United States of America would not be what it is today.The French and Indian war directly resulted in partitioning North America in a way the resulted in what is known as eastern United States over one rule, the British. It resulted in an increase on taxes which is a direct precursor to the American Revolution as increased taxes stemmed various rebellious demonstrations most notably the Boston Tea Party. The French and Indian w ar removed a potential threat of the French from colonists minds, allowing them to completely focus on the British and experience in the army during the French and Indian war produced great revolutionist leaders like George Washington.Without the French and Indian war it is doubtful weather these events would have occurred which would have culminated in the formation of the United States of America. Without the French and Indian War George Washington might have just been a farmer and the United States might not have become independent. Who knows the United States under British rule might have resulted, only stretching to the Mississippi and another country might have formed, perhaps under Spanish rule to the West.BibliographyAnderson, F., Crucible of War The Seven Years War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766. New York Knopf, 2000, page 747 Anderson, F. , The War that Made America, Viking Penguin, 2005, pages 9-10, Asimov. , I. , The Shaping of North America. , Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1973, pages 174-175 Ellis, J. , His excellence George Washington. New York Vintage Books, A Division of Random House, Inc. , 2004, page 5 Higginbotham, D. Daniel Morgan Revolutionary Rifleman. University of North Carolina Press, 1961 Marston, D. The French-Indian War 1754-1763. Osprey Publishing, 2002, page 84

Facebook Case Study Essay Example for Free

Facebook Case Study EssayEXECUTIVE SUMMARYA fast that has been floating on the stock exchange has been selected and evaluated and the dissipated I have chosen was Facebook. In my report I have included the recent history of Facebook as to how the genial networking land site started and the developments from the introduction until recently.I what is more went on to evaluate the source of pay with a brief explanation as to what source of finance is and the different type of sources available to business i. e. trivial landmark , metier term and enormous term. This explains the type of finance business need starting from day to day transactions to long term buying of assets and investments. afterwards my understanding of what sources of finance are, I done some re anticipate on Facebooks source of finance and came to a conclusion that the plastereds sources of finance is long term source of finance as they earn money by dint of characters(initial offering).The reason f or Facebooks floatation was simply because at the time they decide to go public the firm was already valuated as one of the top companies around, however even though the firm was highly valued there was still negative stories approximately the firm.Facebook continues to grow and to try and keep the 200 million users entertain there are now talks of a Facebook phone that is due to be released this year. admittanceI am required to select a firm that has floated on the stock exchange in the last 4 years analyse and critic altogethery evaluate the firms decision to go public. The firm I chose was Facebook and in my report I exit be discussing the following about the firm.Recent history of the confederationThe firms sources of finance/ Capital structure of the firmReason for flotationImplications of the flotationPerformance of shares since flotationFuture prospects for the firmRecommendations as to the future financing near FACEBOOKFacebook is a popular cordial networking website w hose name originated as a nickname of directories handed out to university students that aided in them getting to know their fellow students.The social networking site was invented by Harvard computer science student Mark Zuckerberg, along with a few class mates. Facebook officially started off in October 2003 when Zuckerberg launched Facemash.com to allow visitors to equal pictures of two students and say whos hot and whos not. The website became popular as people enjoyed going on the internet and checking out pictures of their friends.In January 2004 an clause in the Harvard Crimson state that Zuckerberg registered the Facebook.com domain as he was now inspired by the success of Facemash. perfectlyly after the launch of Facebook the website eventually grew as it was now discovered by Sean Parker (Former Co Founder of Napster) who informally advised the student on what to do, and by June 2004 Facebook received its first private investment from Peter Theil http//www.youtube.com/w atch?v=ROrUea0gLlY, the render of PayPal who gave $500 000 in exchange for 10.2% of the friendship. Sean Parker later became president of the cuttingly incorporated company Facebook.Facebooks domination continued to grow until it became the second most visited web plaza online. In August 2009 Facebook acquired the real time impudent aggregator site friends feed and in 2012 Facebook made a huge splash in the tradeplace by acquiring instragam for approximately $1 billion.This year Facebook has introduced a graph search to athletic supporter users find out more about their friends and connections. This feature lets you search through data shared by friends to discover people their interest, restaurants, much and much more. This is the first major step Facebook has taken towards competing with Google.SOURCES OF FINANCEBusiness of necessity money to support investment and finance their day to day activities. A company may choose to raise money internally (by retaining and investi ng profits) or externally.Each source of finance has a risk attached to it, the risk that the business forget not meet the financial commitments related to the source. The mix of all the financial sources is known as the financial risk of the company. An essential requirement in raising finance is that business should meet repayments and other expenses, as the add up due. This is generally achieved by ensuring that there is a good match between _cash inflow generated by the use of money and cash outflows to the service payments to the finance raised_.TYPES OF SOURCES OF FINANCE.Short term finance- Usually needed for a business day to day operations e.g. paying wages, ordering suppliers etcThis is usually the cheapest one to use as it is easier for a lending institution to asses lending risk for shorter loan periods. Types of short term finance include the followingOverdraftsShort term loansTrade creditaccrued expenses and deferred incomeFactoringMedium term finance- This source of finance can be used to finance the acquisition of Motor Vehicles, Machinery, Computers, etc. Three main types of medium term finance areHire PurchasesLeasingTerm LoansLong term finance- In financing the purchase of a building (major investments), long term finance would be appropriate. There are two alternative methods of raising long term financeDebt- patois loans and BondsEquity-is an important source of long term finance and consists of orientation course shares, Ordinary Shares and Retained Profits (internally generated cash flow).Equity finance is raised through the sale of ordinary shares to investors and can be raised either viaA new shareIPO ,Placing or IntroductionA rights Issue.FACEBOOKS SOURCES OF FINANCE/CAPITAL STRUCTURE.Facebooks source of finance is the long term finance as the firm makes its money through sale of ordinary shares from investors such as IPO (Initial Public Offer) which is the first offering of shares to the general public.The social networking site o fficially filed for an IPO on February 1 2012. The preliminary prospectus declared that Facebook was seeking to raise $ 5 billion in investment at the time the company denote that they have 845 million users active on the site with close to 2.7 billion interchangeables and comments daily.After the IPO, Mark Zuckerberg planned to retain 22% ownership stake in Facebook with 57% of voting shares which was valued by the underwriters as being worth $38 each and pricing the company at 104 billion, the largest paygrade ever to get word for a new company going public.Facebook selected Morgan Stanley as the lead advisor for the IPO as the company had earlier lead the IPO of internet giants like Group on, Zynga and other banks such as Goldman Sachs, Bank of America Merril Lynch,Barclays Capital and JP Morgan.According to AllFacebook , shares have been actively trading between $25-$40 which gives Facebook a valuation of approximately $17000, more than Microsoft which was valued at $15000.M ost of Facebooks trades takes place through secondmarket a company responsible for generating a market around typically illquid assets fleck while the value of the trades is unkown.While Facebook stock is not the type of thing you can trade in a day due to the fees and time involved in transactions ,however most investors see a great return in just 6 months.BELOW IS A GRAPH WITH FACEBOOKS SHARE PRICE IN whitethorn 2012 WHEN FACEBOOK DECIDED TO FLOAT.GRAPH 1.1REASON FOR FLOTATIONThe reason for Facebooks flotation was due to the fact that the companys IPO was valued as one of the best amongst top companies.When Facebook made its long expected debut as a public company, the social networking company link up up with the largest public companies in the world alongside Mc Donalds , Amazon.com and Bank of America. The wall street journal reported that Facebook was prepared to file initial paperwork for an offering that could raise as much as $10 billion.As the news show about Facebook s pread worldwide and it later became the most popular and influential global website, Investors now started to flock to acquire shares in Facebook.Articles stated that even though Facebook was valued a high price there was still a debate within business and media circles on the true value of the company. The social networking site also made money through advertising allowing other companies to advertise about their business on the website.In May 2012 Mark Zuckerberg and other executives began a road show to persuade institutional investors to buy shares before the flotation. One of the underwriters JP Morgan along with Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley were included in the road show.IMPLICATIONS OF THE floatation FOR THE FIRMEven though there is a great amount of effort in the flotation of Facebook there are still some negative views on the social site. An article in the guardian called _Facebook flotation three reasons to avoid it_ it states that Facebook is not worth $100 billion an d that Zuckerberg has not put a price tag on his creations so its still early to say that he will attempt to achieve that amount when the flotation started.Below are the three reasons given in the articleZuckerbergs first letter to the potential investors was a strange dispatch. As it stated that Facebooks ambition was to build a service that gives people the power to share and help them once again to transform many of the core institutions and industries.Facebook has no need to float as it does not need to invest as the firm is profitable and generates enough cash to pursue its current objective.Zuckerberg is keeping control of Facebook by adopting a dual voting structure with him and investors.In response to the negative publicity about the website , Facebook opposed by saying that the main reason for floating is to allowing longstanding investors to cash in a portion of their winnings and to help Facebook grow. The float promoters were then seeking to emphasize that the investmen ts obtained were potentially for a profitable emergence and to play down the risk faced by the firm.PERFORMANCE OF THE FIRMS SHARES SINCE FLOATATIONZuckerberg has called the stock performance disappointing. The social networking leaders stock has lost nearly half its value since flotation. More than $50 billion has been cut off Facebooks market value as the companys shares have fallen from $38 to $19.43. The CEO has lost the most as the value of his facebooks holdings falls more than $9 billion which questioned his skeptics and guesswork his ability to lead a company.The performance of the shares has obviously been disappointing and has caused some demotivated employees, however Zuckerberg motivated them and they believed that things will improve as time goes go on.After numerous up and downs and significant critics from the public the share prices started showed a highly volatile behaviour with prices as low as $17.73. The prospective performance of the company did not impress th e investors and therefore had a impact on the company as a whole.In November 2012 Facebook shares has shown a significant rise in value reaching the highest price in months, As the value it continued rising the company witnessed an increase of 15% each month to date.The major factor that has pushed the social networkings markets performance is the increase in investors confidence in the companys potential to earn a higher revenue in the prospective periods. The confidence is directly linked to the increasing success of the performance as the number of business advertising on the website increased which authority higher revenue and higher revenue means higher returns for investors.FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR THE FIRMFacebook has and always will be the king of the social media sites , as the site is still growing worldwide. To date the social networking website has more than 200 million registered users.Researchers believe that Facebook can evolve another google as they are also relying on advertising for their revenue.The social networking sites goal now is to effect a personalized digital newspaper through the newsfeed that has everything a person would want to know about people. This will be perfectly customized just for the users. planetary will be the key to Facebooks future growth said the head of advertising as only 30% of users access through desktops and 70% through mobile devices every day. A plan to invest a huge amount of money will be the target for Facebook in the future as talks on creating a Facebook smartphone continues.Facebook is also targeting other continents like Asia, Latin America and Africa as users in these areas have grown by 33% each year.Even though they introduce the mobile device Facebooks ultimate goal willstill remain to get more users online and to improve current features that will keep current users entertained.CONCLUSION /RECOMMENDATION TO THE FIRMS FUTURE FINANCINGFacebook is available to everyone all over the world and there sti ll huge potential for growth for the firm.My recommendation to the firm regarding their finance would be to focus on their advertising model, improving it and allowing business to advertise more on their website. By doing that they will do enhance their chances of doing better than search engine giant Google and revenue will increase which will benefit both the firm, current and potential investors. With the introduction of the new Facebook phone they have to ensure that the phones are better then other smartphones. Facebook has to earn the general publics confidence in them by coming up with new ideas on their IPO, if the public is satisfied they will invest more in the company. However with the introduction of the new phone I believe share prices will increase.

Adolescence psychology Essay Example for Free

Adolescence psychology EssayThermostat concept. Early vs. Late puberty whether if it effects males or females differently, eating disorders, cognitive changes (adolescence brain, the different structures, frontal cortex, limbic system) Impacts of these changes, problem solving, risk taking, changes in intellect , social transitions (elongation of adolescence, a new concept during the industrial revolution) sub judice implications of adolescence, clarity vs. continuity, Discontinuous Society. What is changing in adolescence in their environment and family. Parenting styles.Sibling difference and family structure. Authoritative (high responsiveness high demandingness) responsible, confident, ad cannyive, creative, more curious, socially skilled and prospered in school Authoritarian (low responsiveness high demandingness) dependent, passive, less socially adept, confident, curious Indulgent (low responsiveness, high demanding) less advanced, irresponsible, more conforming and less a pt leaders Indifferent (low responsiveness low demand) delinquent behavior sex drugs, and alcohol Parenting and TemperamentSame Parenting+ different temperament different outcome Adolescence also elicit different parental strategies and behaviors. With greater maternal control adolescence are less likely to be delinquent. Ethnic Differences in Parenting Styles Authoritative parenting less rife among Black, Asian, or Hispanic families than among white families in the U. S Beneficial effects are found for all ethnic groups Why? Could it ever be beneficial, subprogram caution in interpreting Adverse effects greater fro white adolescents than for ethnic minorities Autonomy Attachment in the FamilyThose who assert their own opinions -higher self-esteem -more mature coping Those with little autonomy -risk for depression, low self-esteem Adolescents who dont feel connected more likely to develop behavior problems Early Adolescence Sibling Conflict increases During Adolescence cogna tes require -more equal -more distan less emotionally intense Quality of par-child relationship Quality of sibling relationship Relationships with peers Same -sex vs. Mixed-sex Siblings Mixed-sex less close during early adolescence more encompassing(prenominal) later Genes vs. EnvirSibling Differences Two types of environmental influences shared environmental influences non-shared environmental influence Siblings may have different family experiences treated differently by parents behold similar experiences in different ways Different peer groups/nonshared 75% of treatment(tx)by parents is similar between kids Differences are okay unless unfair Causes strain on sibling relationship, tx of siblings different but well Better relationships, decrease rivalry Sibling deidentification trying to distinguish self from sibling can also diminish eelings of arguing

Performance Enhancing Drugs and the Banned Substances List

instruction execution Enhancing Drugs and the Banned Substances ListEvaluate the suggestion that performance-enhancing medicines should be removed from the IOCs banned substances argumentPerformance-enhancing drugs refer to substances that atomic number 18 used to improve any form of activity ranging from physical to psychological performance in humans. The use of these drugs have continued to shoot and has been facilitated by advances in doping st rollgies despite improved drug testing detection methods and advances in scientific research. Athletes use these drugs to improve appearance and to enhance performance in sports (Wiefferink, 2014). The decision to use performance-enhancing drugs is underlain by a number of beliefs and values. Some of these embarrass gaining muscular strength and improving performance. Others involve expectations about friends use of these drugs. Research as well as indicate that the use of these drugs is related to self-esteem, academic performanc e, use of other drugs, knowledge of other people who have used them, dissatisfaction with ones own appearance and frequency of lyceum visits (Wiefferink, 2014).It is important to note that, sportsmen ar celebrities who are admired by many people. As such, every thing that they do is admired by many people. Thus, when they use drugs and eventualy excell in their sporting life, they motivate most youths into doing the same. Without minding about the dangers of substance scream, most youths have been influenced by sportmen into drug abuse.Among notable athletes who have been poven to be using performance-enhancing drugs include Alex Rodriguez (A-Rod) who was given a 211 game breaking that lasted for the rest of 2013 season and the entire 2014 season for using performance enhancement drugs (Claudia Shane, 2014). Such as a suspension should be a lesson to both upcoming and professional sportsmen of how performance enhancing drugs idler kill ones profession. Moreover, these drugs k ill the reputation of the individual as most people do not give credit to his performance hardly instead blame and give credit to the drugs that he used.It is because of the facts above that many sports organizations such as global Olympic committee have come to ban the use of performance-enhancing drugs. They have put in place very strict consequences for people caught using them. To give away this personnelive, the body has a list of banned substances (James, 2011). Interestingly, performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) are not restricted to illegal drugs or prescription medications, such as anabolic steroids. However, they include dietetic supplements and a variety of compounds that are available at grocery and health food stores and online and are used to enhance performance among athletes.Performance-enhancing drugs such as anabolic Agents that includes Testosterone have a number of effectuate to the user. This drug is primarily used to treat delayed puberty, some types of imp otence, and wasting of the body caused by HIV transmission or other go across-wasting diseases (Claudia Shane, 2014). This drug has however been used by athletes to enhance their performance. The potential physiological and psychological side effects of anabolic steroid abuse are as followsFirst, this drugs leads to acne which refers to a long-term skin disease that occurs when hair follicles are clogged with dead skin cells and oil from the skin (Wiefferink, 2014). The drug bum alike lead to male pattern baldness and liver damage. Other physical effects include premature closure of the growth centers of long finger cymbals especially among the adolescents. This may result in stunted growth and disruption of puberty in children.On the other cash in ones chips, the psychological effects of using anabolic agents include increased aggressiveness and sexual appetite. This may at times result in abnormal sexual and criminal behavior (Jason, 2008). Withdrawal from anabolic steroid use can also lead to depression, and in some severe cases, suicide.Another category of performance-enhancing drug is Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, and other Related Substances. These compounds are primary medically used to treat cancer. They are also used to aide growth in those born prematurely (Wiefferink, 2014). The presence of an abnormal constriction of a hormone, its metabolites, relevant ratios or markers in ones sample is deemed to contain a prohibited substance unless one can demonstrate the concentration was due to a physiological or pathological condition (Jason, 2008). The effects of these drugs are as followsThe use of peptide hormones, growth factors and other related substance can result into hypertension, personal credit line cancers/leukemia and anemia. It may also lead strokes, center attacks and pulmonary embolism. The drug can also lead to feminization which refers to the development in an organism of physical characteristics that are usually unique to the female of the species (Wiefferink, 2014). Other physical problem includes thyroid problems.On the other hand, human growth hormone when used as a performance-enhancing drug can lead to Severe headaches, Loss of vision and acromegaly which refers to protruding or enlarged jaw, brow, skull, hands and feet. Other conditions include high course pressure and heart failure (Claudia Shane, 2014). It may also lead to diabetes and tumors. In some cases, this drug can lead to crippling arthritis.There is also the Beta-2 booster that is primarily medically used to treat conditions such as asthma and other respiratory ailments (Wiefferink, 2014). The physiological effects of this drug include palpitations, headaches and sweating. Other effects include nausea and muscle cramps. It may also lead to nervousness.Diuretics are another category of performance enhancing drug. It is used in the treatment of conditions such as hypertension, kidney disease and congestive heart failure (James, 2011). However, when it is taken without medical supervision, it results in potassium depletion and possibly even death. The physiological effects of this drug include dehydration, muscle cramps and dizziness which may lead to fainting. Other effects include drop in blood pressure and loss of coordination and balance.In the list of IOC banned drugs also include stimulants. The primary medical use of stimulant is to treat conditions such as Attention Deficit Disorders (ADD/ADHD), asthma, narcolepsy, and obesity. However, the effects of this drug include insomnia, anxiety and weight down loss (Wiefferink, 2014). Stimulants may also lead to dependence and addiction, dehydration, tremors and increased heart rate and blood pressure. Other effects include increased risk of stroke, heart attack, and cardiac arrhythmia.Narcotics have also been banned by IOC. When taken in small quantity, narcotics have medical uses that include relieving severe pain and inducing sleep. However, when they are take n in large quantity, it is a medical emergency and can lead to respiratory depression and even death. The effects of narcotics include a anomalous sense of invincibility, nausea and vomiting and increased pain threshold. The drug may also lead to failure to recognize injury and decreased heart rate (Jason, 2008). Other effects include physical and psychological dependence that leads to addiction.The use of performance enhancing drugs also has a lot of negatives on an individuals social life. First, with regards to ones family life, on that point is the curtain raising that the rest of the family may feel embarrassed or ashamed at ones addiction to substance enhancing drugs. The family is always bothered about the fate of the victim (Claudia Shane, 2014). This may lead to rejection, stigmatization and even sense of guilt. Those who use drugs may at times feel that their family has pushed them out.Performance enhancing drugs may also significantly affect ones education. A child or a young person who is suffering from an addiction will have a lot of problem with his school life, relationships with other children and their situation life (Claudia Shane, 2014). This may lead to truancy.Performance-enhancing drugs may also interfere with ones employment or professional life. Most people who use performance-enhancing drugs may not nut-bearing at work. As such, they may stop being punctual and efficient at work. Similarly, they may neglect their appearance and personal hygiene. They may also pageant erratic or unacceptable levels of behavior that may highly impact on the reputation of the organization that they are working (Wiefferink, 2014). Athletes on the other hand may boycott physical exercises and this may interfere with their performance. In some severe cases, drug addicts may start being absent for no satisfactory reason. They may also fail to complete their duties. In most instances when they are financially down, they may resort to stealing from not only the company but also their individuals so as to get money to purchase the drugs.Performance-enhancing drugs may also affect an individuals health and wellbeing. Performance enhancing substances such as alcohol and caffeine which is fine on an occasional basis or in moderate amounts are normally harmful when consumed to the point when one becomes addicted (Jason, 2008). Cigarette have may heavily impact on the life of the user because it affects ones respiratory system.Addiction to drugs affects the victims personality and behavior in a variety of ways. However, this very a lot depends upon the type of substance used and the amount their psychological makeup before the addiction and physical health and their lifestyle. Thus, some performance-enhancing substances have a greater effect than others upon mental health (James, 2011). For example, heroin is stronger than nicotine. It will therefore have a bigger impact upon the brain. It is also worth pointing out that, most people are different in regard to psychological makeup. This implies that people are affected differently by these drugs. Thus, one person may experience a greater level of damage than another person using the same substance. This is due to their brain chemistry.Finally, the cost of performance-enhancing drug not only affects the sufferer but can also encompass family, friends and the society as a whole. Such costs include costs of policing, drug addiction help lines, support groups and rehab clinics. Indirectly there is lost revenue in the form of tax and national insurance contributions each time an addict either loses their job or is unable to work. This message a drop in revenue collection and an increase in welfare benefits, e.g. unemployment benefit.In conclusion, performance-enhancing drugs have adverse effects on the lives of the users. As this make-up observes, the effects of these drugs are not only felt by the user but by the immediate family members, friends, workmates and t he society as a whole. Therefore, no substance-enhancing drug should be removed from the IOCs list of banned drugs. Instead, more research should be done on how to counter the use of these drugs. There is also need for sensitization among sportsmen on the dangers of these drugs.ReferencesClaudia, L. R., Shane, C. (2014). Drug abuse in athletes. Retrieved 2 14, 2017, from US National Library of Medicine https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4140700/James, H. (2011). The Ripple Effect of Doping in Sports. Retrieved 2 14, 2017, from The Huffington Post http//www.huffingtonpost.com/james-h-hibbard/the-ripple-effect-of-dopi_b_693078.htmlJason, M. (2008). Performance enhancing drugs in sports The dark side of performance psychology. Retrieved 2 14, 2017, from Australian Psychology Society https//www.psychology.org.au/inpsych/ped/Wiefferink, C. (2014). Social psychological determinants of the use of performance-enhancing drugs by gym users. Retrieved 2 14, 2017, from Oxford academ ic https//academic.oup.com/her/article/23/1/70/835589/Social-psychological-determinants-of-the-use-of

The Life Of Alexander Pushkin

The Life Of horse parsley PushkinFreedom in horse parsley Pushkins literary works occupies one of the central positions however, Pushkin treats liberty from various sides and perspectives. Living in the period of social and political changes, in the era of the Great Patriotic War of 1812 and the revolt of Decembrist of 1825, Pushkin belonged to the generation which was in search of ideal liberty. However, being inefficient to pee this kind of immunity, Russian poets of the nineteenth century made constant attempts to replace one idea of exemption with another, finally documentaryising that emancipation in significant life was constantly restricted. Alexander Pushkin went further than other poets of his times in his discourse of freedom, inspiring the formation of new Russian civic poetry and influencing much(prenominal)(prenominal) poets as Nekrasov and Lermontov. As Janko Lavrin points out, what the world now understands and admires under the name of Russian literature ca me with and after Pushkin (p.65). At the beginning of Pushkins literary career, the issue of freedom in his literary works acquires a strong political tendency. In his early poem Volnost (1817) Pushkin reveals his vision of ideal freedom, opposing the real absolute index finger of kings and expressing the idea that true freedom can be achieved only under the constitutional monarchy.In Pushkins poem K Chaadaevy (1818) the political idea of freedom acquires a slightly different direction in this poetic work Pushkin points at the necessity of defending his native land. For Pushkin, love for homeland is inseparably machine-accessible with the struggle for freedom. However, as Pushkin becomes mature, he rejects a pure political treatment of freedom, demonstrating his interest in inner freedom of a person. In this regard, Pushkin implicitly draws a parallel between inner freedom and poetic perception of freedom in his poetic work Derevnja (1819). Such a combination unc overs m any poss ibilities for achieving freedom, but, on the other hand, it evokes inner doubts, which the poet does not dissipate by the end of the poem. The first go against of Derevnja reveals the poets ecstatic delight of his achieved freedomIn the second part of the poem Pushkin ponders over the destiny of Russian people, feeling that his poems are unable to provide them with long-waited freedom, that they are unable to completely eliminate serfdom which destroys peoples lives and their inner selves. Contrasting beauty of nature with lack of freedom in the village, Pushkin shows that people can acquire happiness only in free society. As Alexander Pushkin claims, Thus, the poet appeals to the king and asks him to annihilate serfdom, providing people with freedom and knowledge. As the poet, Pushkin has the only tool his poetry to strive for universal freedom. But in such poems as K Moryu (1824) and IzPindemonti (1836) Alexander Pushkin continues his discussion of inner freedom, presenting a romantic embodiment of freedom. As the poet realises that he is not able to achieve freedom in real life, he turns to freedom in his dreams, identifying himself with nature. In the poetic work K Moryu Pushkin applies to the image of sea, which symbolises both inner freedom of a person and poetic freedom. For Pushkin, sea is the embodiment of free and rebellious nature, but at the same time through the image of sea Pushkin reveals the poets loneliness in his struggle for freedom. However, it is nature that gives necessary power and freedom to Pushkin, saving him from any dependenceThese words from Pushkins poem IzPindemonti reveal that the poet is in search of new verges of freedom, the verges that overcome the existing reality. This search is especially obvious in his famous poem Uznik (1822), where the appeal for inner freedom is expressed through eagles cry. Both the eagle and the prisoner are captives who are deprived of their freedom. Alexander Pushkin creates this poem in exile , where he is deprived of freedom, of close relatives and friends. However, the eagle is a freedom-loving bird, and its greatest wish well is to attain freedom. Alexander Pushkin identifies himself with the eagle, maintaining the idea that a person is also free by nature, thus freedom is crucial for any human beingIn this regard, Pushkin implicitly shows that political, outer and poetic freedom stand behind inner freedom. On the other hand, Pushkin realises that it is impossible for the poet to completely reject one aspect of freedom for the sake of another As Angus Calder points out, a man who respects himself as autonomous will of course tend to chafe against political tyranny and whitethorn well seek a place where he may have independent control of his own life (p.35).Uznik was written when Pushkin was only twenty-three geezerhood old, but even at this age the poet realised that society, in which he lived, specifically created invisible barriers and restrictions, wrong ideals and illusions, and Pushkin expressed his longing for real freedom. Deviating from the political treatment of freedom, Pushkin realises that a poet should be free both from people and from authorities only in this case it is possible to create freedom-loving poetry. In Pesni o veshem Olege Pushkin points out that any literary work should be free and truthful. After the Decembrists defeat, Pushkin continues to dream of freedom, hoping to realise this dream. As Pushkin claims in his poem Vo glubine sibirskich rud dedicated to his friends-Decembrists,In the series of Southern Poems Alexander Pushkin introduces the idea that outer freedom can not be attained. In such poems as Zygane (1930) and Fontany Bahchizaraiskogo dvorza (1824) Pushkin portrays certain spheres where freedom of people is strongly confined, but just, a person is able to develop and cover inner freedom. Such treatment of freedom coincides with the ideals of Renaissance Pushkins obsession with inner freedom reflects th e revival of subject area consciousness under complex social changes. Thus, Pushkins ideas of freedom possess cultural roots rather than political, despite the fact that some of his poetic works, such as Arion, Anchar and Skaski, demonstrate an open protest against the existing political system. But Pushkins rebel is of spiritual nature it is the rebel of a person who is overwhelmed with humanism and who rejects any personal violence. Instead of the existing ideology of the nineteenth century, Alexander Pushkin creates his own ideology of inner freedom in the context of universal freedom (Edmunds, pp.29-32). In his poem Ya pamyatnik sebe vozdvig nerykotvorniy Alexander Pushkin points out that his major life achievement is his freedom-loving poetry But Pushkin does not restrict himself only to poetry he freely experiments with different literary genres, making an attempt to explore the possibilities of prose in the same way as he had explored the possibilities of verse (Lavrin, p.18 3). However, his ideal of inner freedom remains central to all his literary works. This is especially true in regard to Pushkins short stories, novels and tales. In his famous verse novel Evgeniy Onegin Pushkin points at the characters inability to achieve inner freedom. Pushkin portrays aristocratic society, which is unable to overcome the existing restrictions (Falen, pp.7-10). Perhaps, the only character who is able to attain inner freedom is Tatiana, a late girl with intelligence and longing for love. Tatiana falls in love with Onegin, the principal character of the play, and she is the first who attracts a declaration of love. However, Onegin rejects her in a most improper way, and Tatiana suffers much, loosing her inner freedom. As Tatiana claimsShe marries an old gentleman and remains devoted to him, despite the fact that she still loves Onegin. Thus, in Evgeniy Onegin Pushkin uncovers the reality of his life, embodying his own thoughts of inner freedom in the character of Tatiana. In Pushkins tale Pikovaya Dama the writer discusses inner freedom in a different context. Introducing the character of Germann, Pushkin reveals the negative consequences of Germanns wish to achieve freedom. Germann considers that true freedom can be attained only with the help of money, but as he gets more and more entangled in deceits, he destroys himself and other characters. In fact, Germann looses his self and his freedom, as he becomes obsessed with playing cards in this context, abstract things take full control over Germanns life, driving him mad by the end of the narration. Comparing his character with Napoleon and Mephistopheles, Pushkin uncovers the essence of Germann who does not acknowledge any moral principles or laws. As Pushkin claims in regard to his character,The similar portrayal Pushkin utilises towards an old countess, Pikovaya Dama. The old woman in Pushkins tale is identified with an Egyptian mummy she is a lifeless creature who lacks any freedom and who leads meaningless life within aristocratic society. Alexander Pushkin does not treat old womans last as tragedy, because, for Pushkin, life without freedom is empty existence. In this regard, inner freedom in Pikovaya Dama is discussed through freedom of moral choice. Germann and the old woman make a wrong choice, thus loosing the possibility to attain inner freedom. However, in contrast to these characters, Pushkin introduces the character of Lisaveta Ivanovna who greatly values her moral principles that finally save her.In his story Egypetskiye Nochi Pushkin returns to the issue of freedom in the context of poetry. On the example of Charskii, a poet and aristocrat, Pushkin reveals his own suffering, as he makes an attempt to become a freedom-loving poet (Debreczeny, pp.11-13). homogeneous to Pushkins poetry, Egypetskiye Nochi discusses the relations between the poet and society, and these relations reflect the essence of his views on the idea of inner freedom. Although Pushk in demonstrates a close connection between the poet and people, he nevertheless points at the necessity of freedom for the poet. At the beginning of the story Pushkin shows Charskiis dependence on societyHowever, further Pushkin demonstrates Charskiis dissatisfaction with such position and his attempts to preserve his inner freedom. In his conversation with a stranger, Charskii exclaimsCharskii, similar to Pushkin himself, feels loneliness within society in which he lives. In his poem Svobody seyatel pustynniy (1823) Pushkin reveals a notion that a poet lives among people who are not able to perceive his ideas of freedom. On the other hand, in the poem Prorok (1826) Pushkin states that any poet that wants to appeal for freedom should endure many difficulties and pain. Alexander Pushkin suffered throughout his life, and these sufferings were reflected in all his freedom-loving poetry and prose. Analysing the ideas of freedom in Alexander Pushkins poetry and prose, the essay suggests that Pushkins treatment of freedom changes throughout his literary career. Starting with an idea of political freedom, Pushkin gradually realises the vainness of his attempts to attain outer freedom. In his further works the poet pays more attention to inner freedom of an individual, applying to symbolical understand of freedom through understanding of nature. It is this inner freedom that Pushkin values above all other kinds of freedom, implicitly or explicitly referring to inner freedom in almost all his poetic and prose works. This inner freedom in Pushkins poetry concerns various issues, such as freedom of choice, freedom from any biases, freedom of religious beliefs and, above all, freedom of creative work. In Pushkins prose works inner freedom is inseparable from moral values of people. Overall, freedom-loving poetry and prose of Alexander Pushkin stick out to the formation of a characteristic writing style, which is adopted by further generations of Russian poets.Works Cite d Calder, Angus. Russia Discovered Nineteenth-Century Fiction from Pushkin to Chekhov. London Heinemann, 1976. Debreczeny, Paul. Introduction, in Alexander Pushkin consummate Prose Fiction. Stanford Stanford University Press, 1983, pp.5-11. Edmunds, Robin. Pushkin The Man and His Age. New York St. Martins Press, 1994. Falen, James. Alexander Pushkin. Eugene Onegin. Oxford, New York Oxford University Press, 1995. Lavrin, Janko. Pushkin and Russian Literature. New York The Macmillan Company, 1948. , . . .. , .4. , 1960. , . . -, 2002. , . . , 1987. , . . .. , .6. , 1978.

Lean Manufacturing In Automobile Industry Of Pakistan Commerce Essay

course Manufacturing In gondolamobile Industry Of Pakistan Commerce EssayThe objective of the break away manufacturing is to reduce the lead time and legal injury of harvest-tideion. In competitive markets, the issue of lead-time is of great importance, it is the main driving factor for stock profitability further people atomic number 18 slight(prenominal) awake(predicate) of the list manufacturing its importance that can bring drastic advancement in Automobile industriousness of Pakistan. number manufacturing is the exertion of goods using less of everything compared to lot takings. It focuses on less human effort, less manufacturing quadruplet, less investment in in any casels, and less engineering time to develop a freshly product. Lean manufacturing is a generic suffice prudence philosophy derived mostly from the (Toyota Production, 1991) Toyota Production System (TPS) Womack, James P., Jones, Daniel T., and Roos, Daniel (1991).In the simplest melodic phras e, lean manufacturing means producing goods with less it applies fewer resources without affecting the quantity or step of the goods produced. Toyotas purpose in developing the system was the elimination of harry, and TPS is focused on seven sources of itover- ware caused by emphasis on supply rather than demand cadaverous motion due to low abuteswaiting time generated by tuning the production system to the fastest rather than the s junior-gradeest processconveyance fantastic matter caused by poorly figure of speeched supply systems that delay the transit of goodsprocessing dissipation from badly designed systemsraw material waste from inefficient design or ineffective supply strategiescorrection waste caused by reworking badly made products. (Toyota Production, 1991) Toyota Production System (TPS) Womack, James P., Jones, Daniel T., and Roos, Daniel (1991).The results of TPS have included enormous advances in robotic manufacturing systems and factory design, just-in-time in ventory charge, the kanban system of visual inventory replacement cues, demand-pull management of manufacturing planning and others. merely lean manufacturing also has evolved into a business philosophy base on a unique set of practices, and the resulting business culture demonstrates how to use these to create a lean approach to other aspects of business one celestial orbit ripe for this lesson is supply kitchen stove management.Lean manufacturing is the systematic elimination of waste from all aspects of an organic laws operations, where waste is viewed as any use or loss of resources that does not lead straight off to creating the product or service a guest wants when they want it. In many industrial processes, such non-value added activity can appoint more than 90 percent of a factorys total activity (Simon Caulkin, 2002).The supply chain permeates every face of the enterprise, and if a lean approach to managing it is to succeed, the entire organization has to focus on r e moving waste and adding value. As a part of this change it requires everyone to involve for looking beyond the boundaries of the company to relationships with guests and suppliers at all levels. The change in focus is essential, but implementing it can be difficult in to long time international supply chain environment. Nevertheless, the principles of lean business are straightforward and can form the foundation for an organizations new approach to its supply chain. (Ventana Research , Europe). initiative, product value has to be defined from the customers point of view, not the companys. This seemingly simple principle is the recognise to eliminating waste caused by such things as making the wrong product (one that nobody wants), making the product at an unsuitable quality level, making too much or too little of it, or delivering it too slowly or through the wrong channel.A second principle is that the supply chain should proceed continuously, and so should the information tha t supports it. Delays and discontinuities in the supply chain process are often caused by starting and ending processes or information streams that could brush up things out if they were operated continuously.Product should be pulled by the customer, not pushed by the company. That is, no part of any supply chain process should be started without a fatten out understanding of the demand destination of the final product that lead complete the cycle.Finally, the entire organization needs to continue to manage toward perfection, concentrating on the elimination of waste and the addition of value in all of its supply chain processes. This is a continuous process that starts with the launch of a lean supply chain management strategy and it continues.Purpose-The main purpose of this thesis is to determine the importance of lean manufacturing and create its awareness amongst the locomote industry of Pakistan, which then can be applied by the whole manufacturing sector of Pakistan to s tumble them more competitive in terms of price as well as in speeding the legal transfer time.The thesis is to draw together the evidence approximately the benefits of lean manufacturing in locomote industry of Pakistan. It has been noticed that railroad carmobile industry is concerned about the cost delivery time, which are the key success factors for this industry. At present, the whole automobile sector is suffering from losses, which has led many businesses to shutdown.Problem discussion Pakistans automobile industry is losing its competitiveness in the market due to the intense competition faced from world markets in terms of cost delivery time. Buyers get low quality products which reduces their confidence in Pakistani products. Up till now Pakistan automobile industry has been unable to meet the lead time demanded by super profitable automobiles and is also unable to fulfill the low price expectations of western markets. Until and unless any initiative to reduce the cost and delivery time of product will not be buckn, any improvement in the industry would not take place. In order to bring improvements in this industry, it is important to direct this industrys assist towards lean manufacturing. This thesis has been done to focus in this area to check that why lean manufacturing has not yet been implemented in the automobile industry of Pakistan.De limitation of the study-There are some limitations of this thesis. The work focuses on Manufacturers and assemblers of Automobiles industry located in Pakistan and which has the sales volume more than 10 million. due(p) to the limited time only top few Manufacturers are included in the research work, which areIndus Motor Company -Toyota Motor CoPak Suzuki Motors.Al-Ghazi Tractors make headway the work doesnt include interview with supplier customer which requires contingent research so it is limited to the organizations internal boundary only.Research Question-This thesis is an flak to answer the pursuit question-Q What is the knowledge level of production people about the lean manufacturing?Q Are the production manager of automobile industry aware of lean tools?Q Are the production manager of automobile industry aware of lean manufacturing benefits?Q To understand the issues of adoption of lean manufacturing in automobile industry in Pakistan?Implication of the study The purpose of this thesis is to find how much the management of this industry in Pakistan is aware of lean manufacturing and then highlight the obstacles that exist in its implementation. This thesis also provides the benefits of lean manufacturing to the automobile industry of Pakistan, which is facing troubles in these days due to higher cost of production delay in delivery dates. Hence, this thesis is beneficial for the automobile manufacturers so that they can realize the importance of lean manufacturing and then implement it to gain the competitive advantage in terms of lower be and on time delive ries.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWLean manufacturing is a technique that allows companies to be more responsive to right away ever-changing markets and more sophisticated demanding customers. (Dohse, JurgensMalsh,1985,p.118).Hi bosh of Lean ManufacturingToyota is often considered one of the most efficient manufacturing companies in the world and the company that sets the standard for best practices in Lean Manufacturing. (James Womack Daniel Roos, 1992). Lean Manufacturing has increasingly been applied by leading manufacturing companies throughout the world, lead by the major automobile manufactures and their equipment suppliers. Lean Manufacturing is becoming an increasingly important offspring for manufacturing companies in developed countries as they try to find shipway to compete more effectively against competition from developing countrie.Starting about 1910, Ford and his right-hand-man, Charles E. Sorensen, make the first comprehensive Manufacturing Strategy. They took all the elements of a manufacturing system people, machines, tooling, and products and arranged them in a continuous system for manufacturing the Model T automobile. Ford was so unbelievably successful he quickly became one of the worlds richest men and put the world on wheels. Ford is considered by many to be the first practitioner of simply in Time and Lean Manufacturing.Beyond large scale production 7 categories of muda or waste-Overproduction producing more unit than customers are demanding or producing them earlier than customer order them. (Taiichi Ohno, 1988) hold people waiting for machine or process product waiting for people, machines or processes.Transportation moving product from one place to another.Inventory Raw material, work in process (WIP), entire goods in excess of direct customer requirement.Motion Any apparent motion people or machines that does not actually transform product from one state to another.Over processing Performing operation that are superflu ous.Defect creating or passing along product which contains error in material or processing.Definition of lean manufacturingLean manufacturing is the systematic elimination of waste from all aspects of an organizations operations, where waste is viewed as any use or loss of resources that does not lead directly to creating the product or service a customer wants when they want it. In many industrial processes, such non-value added activity can comprise more than 90 percent of a factorys total activity. (Simon Caulkin. Waste Not, Want Not, The Observer (September 2002). some(prenominal) of the concepts in Lean Manufacturing originate from the Toyota Production System (TPS) and have been implemented gradually throughout Toyotas operations beginning in the 1950s. By the 1980s Toyota had increasingly become know for the effectiveness with which it had implemented Just-In-Time (JIT) manufacturing systems.The brainpower that businesses bring to bear to eliminate wasted assets, materials, and time in production shouldequally be deployed to improve the processes of consumption that customers follow. Like their earlier work, this is both a landmark synthesis of ideas whose implications havent been fully understood and a breakthrough to new territory. (Thomas A.Stewart, 2000)Main Kinds of Waste primarily 7- 9 main types of waste were identified as part of the Toyota Production System. However, this list has been modified and expanded by various practitioners of lean manufacturing and broadly speaking includes the following1. Over-production Over-production is unnecessarily producing more than demanded or producing it too early before it is needed. This increases the risk of obsolescence, increases the risk of producing the wrong thing and increases the possibility of having to sell those items at a throw out or discard them as scrap. However, in that location are some cases when an pointless supply of semi-finished or finished products is intentionally maintained , even by lean manufacturers.2. Defects In addition to physical defects which directly add to the cost of goods sold, this may include errors in paperwork, provision of untimely information about the product, late delivery, production to incorrect specifications, use of too much raw materials or generation of unnecessary scrap.3. Inventory Inventory waste means having unnecessarily high levels of raw materials, works-in-progress and finished products. Extra inventory leads to higher inventory financing costs, higher storage costs and higher defect rates. For more on this, please see piece 2.5 below.4. Transportation Transportation includes any movement of materials that does not add any value to the product, such as moving materials amongst workstations. The idea is that transportation of materials between production stages should aim for the ideal, that the output of one process is immediately used as the input for the next process. Transportation between processing stages re sults in prolonging production cycle clock, the inefficient use of labor and space and can also be a source of minor production stoppages.5. Waiting Waiting is unused time for workers or machines due to bottlenecks or inefficient production flow on the factory floor. Waiting also includes lesser delays between processing of units. Waiting results in a significant cost insofar as it increases labor costs and depreciation costs per unit of output.6. Motion Motion includes any unnecessary physical motions or walking by workers which diverts them from actual processing work. For example, this might include walking around the factory floor to look for a tool, or even unnecessary or difficult physical movements, due to poorly designed ergonomics, which slow down the workers.7. Correction Correction, or reprocessing, is when something has to be re-done because it wasnt done properly the first time. This not only results in inefficient use of labor and equipment but the act of re-pro cessing often causes disruptions to the smooth flow of production and therefore generates bottlenecks and stoppages. Also, issues associated with reworking typically consume a significant amount of management time and therefore add to factory overhead costs.8. Over-processing Over-processing is unintentionally doing more processing work than the customer requires in terms of product quality or features such as polishing or applying finishing on some areas of a product that routine be seen by the customer.9. Knowledge Disconnection This is when information or knowledge isnt available where or when it is needed. This might include information on correct procedures, specifications, ways to solve problems, etc. Lack of correct information often leads to defects and bottlenecks. For example, unavailability of a mixing formula may potentially suspend the entire process or create defective items due to time-consuming trial-and-error tests.What kinds of companies benefit most from lean? Lean is most widely used in industries that are assembly-oriented or have a high amount of repetitive human processes. These are typically industries for which productivity is highly influenced by the efficiency and attention to detail of the people who are working manually with tools or operating equipment. For these kinds of companies, improved systems can eliminate significant levels of waste or inefficiency. Examples of these companies include wood-processing, garment manufacturing, automobile assembly, electronic assembly and equipment manufacturing. Lean Manufacturing is also appropriate in industries for which it is a strategic priority to shorten the production cycle time to the absolute token(prenominal) as a source of competitive advantage for the company.Recently, some companies in Vietnam have actively conducted training and implemented lean methods to eliminate process inefficiencies. This resulted in an improvement to their production and service lead times. For examp le, Toyota Ben Thanh, a service center of Toyota in Vietnam, has implemented lean methods to significantly reduce the process time for its automobile maintenance service from 240 minutes to 45-50 minutes per car, and as a result, increase the total number of cars processed at each service center from 4-6 cars up to 16 cars per day. Toyota Ben Thanh achieved significant reductions in the process lead time by successfully eliminating unnecessary waiting time, inefficiencies of physical motions and process flow. (Thoi Bao Kinh Te Saigon, 2004)Objectives of Lean ManufacturingLean Manufacturing, also called Lean Production, is a set of tools and methodologies that aims for the continuous elimination of all waste in the production process. The main benefits of this are lower production costs, increased output and shorter production lead times. More specifically, some of the goals include1. Defects and wastage Reduce defects and unnecessary physical wastage, including excess use of raw ma terial inputs, preventable defects, costs associated with reprocessing defective items, and unnecessary product characteristics which are not required by customers.2. Cycle Times Reduce manufacturing lead times and production cycle times by reducing waiting times between processing stages, as well as process preparation times and product/model variation times.3. Inventory levels Minimize inventory levels at all stages of production, particularly works-in-progress between production stages. Lower inventories also mean lower working capital requirements.4. wear out productivity Improve labor productivity, both by reducing the idle time of workers and ensuring that when workers are working, they are using their effort as productively as possible (including not doing unnecessary tasks or unnecessary motions).5. Utilization of equipment and space Use equipment and manufacturing space more efficiently by eliminating bottlenecks and maximizing the rate of production though existing e quipment, while minimizing machine downtime.6. Flexibility Have the ability to produce a more flexible range of products with minimum changeover costs and changeover time.7. Output Insofar as reduced cycle times, increased labor productivity and elimination of bottlenecks and machine downtime can be achieved, companies can generally significantly increased output from their existing facilities.In a 2004 survey by Industry Week Magazine, U.S. companies implementing lean manufacturing reported a median savings of 7% of Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) as a result of implementing lean (George Taninecz, 2004). We believe that the savings actually are higher for companies in Vietnam considering the higher levels of waste which they typically have compared to U.S. based manufacturers.Another way of looking at Lean Manufacturing is that it aims to achieve the same output with less input less time, less space, less human effort, less machinery, less material, less cost.When a U.S. equipment man ufacturing company, Lantech, completed the implementation of lean in 1995, they reported the following improvements compared to their batch-based system in 1991 (James P. Womack Daniel T. Jones, 1996) Manufacturing space per machine was reduced by 45% Defects were reduced by 90% Production cycle time was reduced from 16 weeks to 14 hours 5 days and Product delivery lead time was reduced from 4-20 weeks to 1-4 weeks.Why Lean Consumption Now?While lean consumption would be a fairish idea in any era, we see several convergent trends that we think make it inevitable and indeed, a competitive necessity now. With the regulated economy steadily contracting, consumers have a broader range of decisions to make, from how to invest retirement funds, to what telecommunications provider to use, to what airline to fly at what price.The mass-producer uses narrowly skilled professionals to design products make by recreational or semiskilled workers tending expensive, single-purpose machines. Th ese churn out standardized products at high volume. Because the machinery costs so much and is so intolerant of disruption, the mass-producer adds many buffers extra supplies, extra workers, and extra space to assure smooth production. The result The customer gets lower costs but at the expense of variety and by means of work methods that most employees find boring and dispiriting. (Womack, 1990 p 13).While on a tour of a large customer, Michael Dell saw technicians customizing new Dell computers with their companys standard hardware and software. Do you think you guys could do this for me? his host asked. Without missing a beat, Dell replied, Absolutely, wed love to do that.4 Within a couple of weeks, Dell was shipping computers with factory-installed, customer specific hardware and software. What took the customer an hour could be done in the factory in minutes, and furthermore, computers could be shipped directly to end-users rather than making a stop in the corporate IT depart ment. This shortening of the value chain is the essence of lean thinking. Direct from Dell, (Catherine Fredman, 1999)Basic Principles of Lean amount Nothing But Value (Eliminate Waste)The first step in lean thinking is to understand what value is and what activities and resources are absolutely necessary to create that value. once this is understood, everything else is waste. Since no one wants to consider what they do as waste, the job of determining what value is and what adds value is something that needs to be done at a jolly high level. Lets say you are developing order tracking software. It seems like it would be very important for a customer to know the status of their order, so this would certainly add customer value. But actually, if the order is in house for less than 24 hours, the only order status that is necessary is to inform the customer that the order was received, and then that it has shipped, and let them know the shipping tracking number. Better yet, if the order can be fulfilled by downloading it on the Web, there unfeignedly isnt any order status necessary at all. To develop breakthroughs with lean thinking, the first step is learning to see waste. If something does not directly add value, it is waste. If there is a way to do without it, it is waste. Taiichi Ohno, the mastermind of the Toyota Production System, identified seven types of manufacturing waste, (2002 Poppendieck.LLC)Do It rightfulness The First TimeIt is instructive to explore the origins of the slogan Do It Right the First Time. In the 1980s it was very difficult to change a mass-production botany to lean production, because in mass production, workers were not expected to take responsibility for the quality of the product. To change this, the management structure of the plant had to change. Workers respond only when there exists some sense of reciprocal obligation, a sense that management actually values skilled workers, and is willing to delegate responsibility to them. The slogan Do It Right the First Time encouraged workers to feel responsible for the products moving down the line, and encourage them to stop the line and troubleshoot problems when and where they occurred. ( Womack ,1990 p 99).A more appropriate translation of such slogans as Zero Defects and Do It Right the First Time would be Test First. In other words, dont scratch unless you understand what the code is supposed to do and have a way to determine whether the code works. A good knowledge of the domain coupled with short build cycles and automated testing constitute the proper way for software developers to Do It Right the First Time. (2002 Poppendieck.LLC)Center On The People Who Add ValueAlmost every organization claims its people are important, but if they truly center on those who add value, they would be able to sayThe people doing the work are the center of-ResourcesInformationProcess Design sanctionDecision Making AuthorityOrganizational EnergyIn mass-production, tasks ar e structured so that low skilled or unskilled workers can easily do the repetitive work, but engineers and managers are responsible for production. Workers are not allowed to modify or stop the line, because the focus is to maintain volume. One of the results of mass-production is that unskilled workers have no incentive to offer information about problems with the manufacturing line or ways to improve the process. Maladjusted parts get fixed at the end of the line a poor die or improperly maintained tool is managements problem. Workers are neither trained nor encouraged to worry about such things. The truly lean plant has two key organisational features It transfers the maximum number of tasks and responsibilities to those workers actually adding value to the car on the line, and it has in place a system for detecting defects that quickly traces every problem, once discovered, to its ultimate cause.9 Similarly in any lean enterprise, the focus is on the people who add value. In le an enterprises, traditional organizational structures give way to new team-oriented organizations which are centered on the flow of value, not on functional expertise.The first experiment Taiichi Ohno undertook in developing lean production was to figure out a way to allow capacious, single-purpose stamping machines to stamp out multiple parts. Formerly, it took skilledmachinists hours, if not days, to change dies from one part to another. Therefore, mass production plants had many single purpose stamping machines in which the dies were almost never changed. Volume, space, and financing were not available in Japan to support such massive machines, so Ohno set about devising simple methods to change the stamping dies in minutes instead of hours. This would allow many parts of a car to be made on the same line with the same equipment. Since the workers had nothing else to do while the die was being changed, they also did the die changing, and in fact, the stamping room workers were involve in developing the methods of rapid die changeover.Ohno transferred most of the work being done by engineers and managers in mass-production plants to the production workers. He grouped workers in small teams and trained the teams to do their own industrial engineering. Workers were encouraged to stop the line if anything went wrong, (a management job in mass production).Before the line was re-started, the workers were expected to search for the generator cause of the problem and resolve it. At first the line was stopped often, which would have been a disaster at a mass production plant. But eventually the line ran with very few problems, because the assembly workers felt responsible to find, expose, and resolve problems as they occurred.Flow Value from DemandThe idea of flow is original to lean production. If you do nothing but add value, then you should add the value in as rapid a flow as possible. If this is not the case, then waste builds up in the form of inventory or transportation or extra steps or wasted motion. The idea that flow should be pulled from demand is also fundamental to lean production. Pull means that nothing is done unless and until a downstream process requires it. The effect of pull is that production is not based on forecast commitment is delayed until demand is present to indicate what the customer really wants. Pulling from demand can be one of the easiest ways to implement lean principles, as LL Bean and Lens Crafters and Dell found out. The idea is to fill each customer order immediately. In mass-production days, filling orders immediately meant building up lots of inventory in anticipation of customer orders. Lean production changes that. The idea is to be able to make the product so fast that it can be made to order. True, Dell and Lens Crafters and LL Bean and Toyota have to have some inventory of sub-assemblies waiting to be turned into a finished product at a moments notice. But its amazing how little inventory is nec essary, if the process to replenish the inventory is also lean. A truly lean distribution channel only works with a really lean supply chain coupled to very lean manufacturing.In addition to rapid, Just-in-Time information flow, Lean Software Development means rapid, Just-in-Time delivery of value. In manufacturing, the key to achieving rapid delivery is to manufacture in small batches pulled by a customer order. Similarly in software development, the key to rapid delivery is to divide the problem into small batches (increments) pulled by a customer story and customer test. The single most effective mechanism for implementing lean production is adopting Just-in-Time, pull-from-demand flow. Similarly, the single most effective mechanism for implementing Lean Development is delivering increments of real business value in short time-boxes. 2002 Poppendieck.LLCOptimize across OrganizationsQuite often, the biggest barrier to adopting lean practices is organizational. As products move fro m one department to another, a big time out often develops, especially if each department has its own set of performance measurements that are unrelated to the performance measurements of neighboring departments. For example, lets say that the performance measurement of a stamping room is machine productivity. This measurement motivates the stamping room to build up mounds of inventory to keep the machines running at top productivity. It does not matter that the inventory has been shown to dismantle the overall performance of the organization. As long as the stamping room is measured primarily on machine productivity, it will build inventory. This is what is known as a sub-optimizing measurement, because it creates behavior which creates local optimization at the expense of overall optimization. (2002 Poppendieck.LLC)Lean manufacturing Automobile IndustryLean manufacturing is applicable to almost every industry and it is known that the initiators of this technique is TOYOTA by th e name Toyota Production System, than this techniques became generalize and open for all with some modifications and named as Lean. We fully expect that lean manufacturing will give a competitive advantage to this industry.Automobile Industry of PakistanPakistan is a rising market for automobiles offers massive business and investment opportunities. The total involvement of Auto industry to gross domestic product in 2007 was 2.8% which was expected to increase up to 5.6% in 5 years. Total gross sales of automobiles in Pakistan were Rs.214 billion in 2006-07 or $2.67 billion. The industry task accumulated to Rs.63 billion in 2007-08 that the government has imposed on automobiles. There are 500 auto-parts producers in the country that supply parts to original equipment manufacturers. Auto sector presently, contributes 16% to the manufacturing sector which also is projected to increase 25% in the next 7 years, compared to 6.7% during 2001-02. Vehicles manufacturers directly employ ove r 192,000 people with a entire investment of more than $ 1.5 billion. At present, there are about 82 vehicles assemblers in the industry producing passengers cars, light commercial vehicles, trucks, buses, tractors and 2/3 wheelers. The auto policy is geared up to make an investment of $ 4.09 billion in the next five years thus, making a target of half a million cars per annum achievable.Pakistan has the highest number of CNG-powered vehicles in the world with more than 1.55 million cars and passenger buses, constituting 24% of total vehicles in Pakistan with improved fuel efficiency and conforming to the l

The Maasai Tribe Essay -- Kenya tribe Maasai Essays

The Maasai are one of the many southern-most tribes located in Kenya. They are physically related, and also in many other prepares related to the Samburu and Turkana. The Maasai have a relatively complex culture and traditions. In fact, for many years they were unheard of. By the late 1800s we soon discovered more about the Maasai, in the main from their oral histories.It is presumed that the Maasai came from the north, probably from the region of the Nile Valley in Sudan. Also presumed is that they left this area sometime between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries, migrating southwards towards he owing(p) Rift Valley. According to the Maasai oral history, they came from a crater or deep valley somewhere to the north, at a pose called Endikir-e-Kerio . Although many scholars have called this place the southeastern region of Lake Turkana, many of the oral histories say that they may have come from further up north, near the Nile river. Whichever location this is, the migrati on was caused by a run dry spell. According to the Maasai a bridge was built, and after half the livestock and populate had left the dry area, the bridge collapsed, leaving back the other half of the population. These people later climbed out of the valley, and were helped by the present day Somali, Borana and Rendille peoples. The Maasai later entered Kenya, and moved south through the Rift Valley, where there was pasture for their cattle. Because there was very minuscule surface water, the Maasai resorted to pastoralism instead of agriculture.The Maasai have adapted to their environment to ensure survival and the maintenance of their culture.The Maasai have adapted to the conditions of their environment through their religious rituals, which function in keeping their political structure, and maintaining cattle numbers. The idea of religion in the Maasai culture is attatched with the importance they place on the stages of life. Spear indicates that for the Maasai, God is close y et all unknowable. Each ritual transition between age-groups is a step toward old age and metaphorically a step toward God. According to Emily McAlpin in The Maasai culture and ecological Conditions the most important event in the ceremony is the sharing of meat which brings all participants clos... ... one is in this society, the more power attained. The most common form of sharing goods and distributing them is through allied kin groups. There is no doubt sometimes disagreements amongst the Maasai people, therefore most kin groups have an ally kin group. These are useful when a luxury item is sought after and one group has it and is willing to lend or give it to the other, not a necessity. When something is essential for survival, the whole society will help. Bibliography1.Cronk, Lee2004 From Mukogodo To Maasai Ethnicity and Cultural Change in Kenya (Westview Case Studies in Anthropology), Westview Press, pp. 27-352. Hetfield, Johnston1997 The Maasai of East Africa (Celebratin g the Peoples and Civilizations of Africa)PowerKids Press 1st ed edition, pp. 9-133.Spear, Walker1993 existence Maasai Ethnicity & Identity in East Afri Ca (Eastern African Studies),Ohio University Press pp. 214-2214.Kituvi, Mukhisa1990 Becoming Kenyans Socio-economic transformation of the pastoral Maasai (Drylands research series), Acts Press, pp. 193-2015. Sankan, S.S. Ole1985 The Maasai ,Kenya Literature Bureau, pp. 77-84