Internal Combustion Engines :: essays research papers

Internal Combustion EnginesIntroductionInternal Combustion Engine, a heat engine in which the fuel is burned (that is, united with oxygen ) inside the confining space of the engine itself.This burning process releases large amounts of energy, which are transformedinto work through the mechanism of the engine. This type of engine differentfrom the go engine, which process with an external combustion engine thatfuel burned apart from the engine. The principal types of internal combustionengine are reciprocating engine such as Otto-engine, and Diesel engines androtary engines, such as the Wankel engine and the Gas-turbine engine.In general, the internal combustion engine has become the means ofpropulsion in the transportation field, with the excommunication of large shipsrequiring over 4,000 shaft horsepower ( hp).In stationary applications, size of unit and local factor oftendetermine the choice between the office of steam and diesel engine. Diesel powerplants have a distinct eco nomic advantage over steam engine when size of theplant is chthonic about 1,000 hp. However there are many diesel engine plants muchlarge than this. Internal combustion engines are particularly appropriate forseasonal worker industries, because of the small standby losses with these enginesduring the shutdown period.HistoryThe first experimental internal combustion engine was made by a Dutchastronomer, Christian Huygens, who, in 1680, applied a principle advanced byJean de Hautefeuille in 1678 for drawing water. This principle was based on thefact that the explosion of a small amount of gunpowder in a unsympathetic chamberprovided with escape valves would create a vacuum when the gases of combustioncooled. Huygens, using a cylinder containing a speculator, was able to move it inthis manner by the external atmospheric pressure.The first commercially practical internal combustion engine was build bya French engineer, ( Jean Joseph ) Etienne Lenoir, about 1859-1860. It usedillumin ating gas as fuel. Two years later, Alphonse Beau de Rochas enunciatedthe principles of the four-stroke cycle, but Nickolaus August Otto construct thefirst successful engine ( 1876 ) operating on this principle.Reciprocating EngineComponents of EnginesThe essential parts of Otto-cycle and diesel engines are the same. Thecombustion chamber consists of a cylinder, usually fixed, which is closed at oneend and in which a close-fitting piston slides. The in-and-out motion of thepiston varies the volume of the chamber between the inner face of the piston andthe closed end of the cylinder. The outer face of the piston is attached to acrankshaft by a connecting rod. The crankshaft transforms the reciprocatingmotion of the piston into rotary motion.

Sweeney Todd :: essays research papers

Sweeney Todd is by no means a conventional musical it takes some(prenominal) forms ofmusic and theater and artfully places them together. Sondheim genuinely effectivelytransports the audience back to Victorian England for a mad waltz with murder,whitethornhem...and meat pies. He also utilizes his skill as a choral composer to salvesome truly fascinating ensemble pieces accompanied by a very intricate plot withmany elements carefully layered. There are several important thematic elements in this carefully writtencommentary on our society, and Sondheim makes good use of his music to accentnot only the melodramatic plot, save these themes as well. For example, the songKiss Me becomes an anthem for Anthony and Johanna and a symbol of their truelove....they loved when they did not even know each others names. Sweeney Toddmay be a dark musical, but its construction lends well to light voices and an equallylight orchestral style. Plot-wise, this show is rather light, the characters see mcartoonish and one-dimensional, especially Mrs. Lovett, Anthony, and Johanna,who start to be little more than melodramatic character roles. Ironically, Mrs.Lovett, the absolute capitalist, is one of the shows most complex characters. Mrs.Lovett is not merely some amoral becharm out to make a fast dollar, she is a characterdriven by greed and love to keep Sweeney however she can. In conclusion, the play gives an elegant example of captive innocence, andthe loss of innocence that immediately follows. Sweeney is driven to murder, Mrs.Lovett bakes these people into pies, Johanna kills, Lucy is forced to become aBeggar and a whore, and nearly every major character experiences their own fall

Communism In Cuba Essay -- Communism Essays

The year is 1959 and the place is Cuba. It is January 1st and Batista, the president of Cuba has just fled the country fearing Fidel Castro, a Cuban revolutionary who mounted a rebel force called the twenty-sixth of July Movement against Batista. Castro assumes power on the 16th of February and establishes a dictatorship. Communist Rule In Cuba So far, the Soviet leader, Khrushchev is in question of what political track Castro is decision making to take. Russia themselves have only one connection with Fidel which is his brother Raul who is no doubt a full communist. The Communist Party of Cuba at this time has no contacts with Castro sort of yet. Unfortunately, Raul never showed his true feelings for communism to his brother, Fidel. This causes quite a predicament for the Soviet Union to make them seen and heard by Cuba. Smartly, Russia sends Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan, who held business contacts in the US, to the states as a guest of the Russian ambassador. Fidel hears of Mikoyans arrival in the US and invites him to visit Cuba. Although Mikoyan is traveling throughout the island, looking things over, Castro still has not identified himself as a Communist quite yet. In May of 1960, diplomatic relations between Russia and Cuba are established following Mikoyans visit to the island. One reason why Cuba has turned to Russia is because the US had cut off their oil supplies and imposed an economic embargo on the island because of the naturalization of US owned companies and citizens by the Cuban government. This calls for a massive oil shipment from the Soviets but unfortunately, Russia was unable to handle such a demand because of their limited overseas shipping capabilities. Subsequently, Russia puts an order for extra oil tankers from Italy, a capitalist country. When Italy agrees to the business proposition, the US is infuriated that another capitalist country was willing to help a communist country. Italy saw it as zero more than an opportunity to make extr a money, regardless of opposing economic systems. Back in Cuba, Castro has begun to make enemies for himself. The many policies he has instilled angered many who fought beside him in the revolution to overthrow Batista and many didnt approve of the socialist reforms he made such as the naturalization of businesses and his collectivization of agriculture. Castro felt he necessitate protection against the United States and ... ...defeated in Vietnam in the later years to come. I feel that the Cuban missile crisis served not only as another use of how nuclear war is in fact possible but also allowed interaction between opposing systems of government that were both seeking to expand their see on third world countries. For Russia, they have succeeded in guaranteeing that Cuba would not be invaded but they have compromised their balance of power with the United States for those missiles served as the only nuclear threat to the states where as the US had missiles positioned in various places in Europe and the Middle East all pointed towards the Soviet Union. Khrushchev has also lost face with china where they see him as a coward in retreating. The people of the United States saw this as their own victory with the removal of the nuclear threat.BibliographyCastro, Fidel. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, 1998 ed. Cuban Missile Crisis. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, 1998 ed. Khrushchev, Nikita. Khrushchev Remembers. ground forces Little, Brown and Company, 1970. Rubin stein, Alvin Z. Soviet Foreign Policy Since World War II Imperial and Global- Second Edition. Boston, MA Little, Brown and Company, 1985.

Political Philosophy Essay -- essays research papers fc

Every country in the world has a government that sets laws to turn back order and peace. Not every government sewer be vertical in its ruling, but what defines a just ruling? And does anyone truly shoot the ripe to control others? Throughout time different types of governments make water been established. As business relationship progressed most governments were overthrown because of the laws that were imposed. Emperors and Kings changed to Presidents and Prime Ministers. This was caused by revolutions because the people did not like the way they were creation ruled. But should people be ruled in the starting spot? Who should have the right to do such a thing? Today, the most flop countries are run by democracy. But what is its purpose? It is supposed to slabber out the will of the majority. So this means that someone will always be unhappy. Political philosophy deals with these sort of issues. Great minds such as Plato, Aristotle, Voltaire and Locke have looked at these issues and have tried to find the best possible answers. In age of old, kings created laws in order to keep peace. Most of the laws were set for selfish reasons. As history progressed people felt that they were being ruled unfairly. So should laws even outlast if there will always be someone who is receiving the short destruction of the stick? Is it not the purpose, of laws and rights, to help people live in a base hit environment? This is the main purpose of laws to keep order. The governments that we have today have so many laws because they keep trying to solve problems by creating more than and more laws. There are even laws for creating laws. However, although they are supposed to be in the best interest of the people, laws limit their free will. Laws tell a person what they can or cannot do. Unfortunately, they are calm down essential because they keep most citizens safe. So therefore, set laws, although essential, limit the free will of people no matter how modern or organized they are. To realize this, the theories and opinions of John Locke, Hobbes, Voltaire, and Plato will be presented. The first three of these philosophers lived at approximately the same time period and all support the essentiality of laws, although they limit free will. Plato lived much earlier but still has his own views on government and how it should be run. This paper will use their theories o... ...en in Platos unusual utopian society where the philosophers are the government. The main cerebration that can be derived from these philosophers is that laws are essential because they make the lives of the citizens much safer and prosperous. It allows people to sleep together life rather than constantly watch their backs. The citizens give up a little of their free will in order to exercise another actuate of it.BibliographyAlistair Edwards and Jules Townshed. Interpreting Modern Political Philosophy From Machiavelli to Marx. New York Palgrave MacMillian, 2002.Dudley K nowles. Political Philosophy. Montreal McGill- queens University Press, 2001.John Gray. Voltaire The Great Philosophers. New York Routledge, 1999.Johann P. Sommerville. Thomas Hobbes Political Ideas in diachronic Context. Palgrave Macmillian, 1992.Jonathan Wolff. An Introduction to Political Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1996.Michael J. White. Political Philosophy A Historical Introduction. Oneworld Publications, 2004.Nicholas Jolley. Locke His philosophic Thought. Oxford University Press, 1999.Paul G. Paquette and Laura Gini- Newman. Philosophy Questions and Theory. McGraw- Hill Ryerson, 2003.. Political Philosophy Essay -- essays research papers fc Every country in the world has a government that sets laws to keep order and peace. Not every government can be just in its ruling, but what defines a just ruling? And does anyone truly have the right to control others? Throughout time different types of governments have been established. As history progressed most governments were overthrown because of the laws that were imposed. Emperors and Kings changed to Presidents and Prime Ministers. This was caused by revolutions because the people did not like the way they were being ruled. But should people be ruled in the first place? Who should have the right to do such a thing? Today, the most powerful countries are run by democracy. But what is its purpose? It is supposed to carry out the will of the majority. So this means that someone will always be unhappy. Political philosophy deals with these sort of issues. Great minds such as Plato, Aristotle, Voltaire and Locke have looked at these issues and have tried to find the best possible answers. In days of old, kings created laws in order to keep peace. Most of the laws were set for selfish reasons. As history progressed people felt that they were being ruled unfairly. So should laws even exist if there will always be someone who is receiving the short end of the stick? Is it not the purpo se, of laws and rights, to help people live in a safe environment? This is the main purpose of laws to keep order. The governments that we have today have so many laws because they keep trying to solve problems by creating more and more laws. There are even laws for creating laws. However, although they are supposed to be in the best interest of the people, laws limit their free will. Laws tell a person what they can or cannot do. Unfortunately, they are still essential because they keep most citizens safe. So therefore, set laws, although essential, limit the free will of people no matter how sophisticated or organized they are. To support this, the theories and opinions of John Locke, Hobbes, Voltaire, and Plato will be presented. The first three of these philosophers lived at approximately the same time period and all support the essentiality of laws, although they limit free will. Plato lived much earlier but still has his own views on government and how it should be run. This p aper will use their theories o... ...en in Platos unusual utopian society where the philosophers are the government. The main idea that can be derived from these philosophers is that laws are essential because they make the lives of the citizens much safer and prosperous. It allows people to enjoy life rather than constantly watch their backs. The citizens give up a little of their free will in order to exercise another part of it.BibliographyAlistair Edwards and Jules Townshed. Interpreting Modern Political Philosophy From Machiavelli to Marx. New York Palgrave MacMillian, 2002.Dudley Knowles. Political Philosophy. Montreal McGill- Queens University Press, 2001.John Gray. Voltaire The Great Philosophers. New York Routledge, 1999.Johann P. Sommerville. Thomas Hobbes Political Ideas in Historical Context. Palgrave Macmillian, 1992.Jonathan Wolff. An Introduction to Political Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1996.Michael J. White. Political Philosophy A Historical Introduction. O neworld Publications, 2004.Nicholas Jolley. Locke His Philosophical Thought. Oxford University Press, 1999.Paul G. Paquette and Laura Gini- Newman. Philosophy Questions and Theory. McGraw- Hill Ryerson, 2003..

J.R.R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings Essay -- Tolkien Lord Rings Essays

J.R.R. Tolkiens passe-partout of the Rings Three Rings for the Eleven-kings under the sky, Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their h tout ensembles of stone, Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die, One for the Dark Lord on his Dark throne, In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie. One Ring to rule them all, One name to find them, One ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them, In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie(Tolkien). Master of storytelling J.R.R. Tolkien continues the lives of the fictitious creatures that he introduced in The Hobbit, in his modern classic The club of the Ring. He artfully illustrates the truths of the corruptive that plague the hearts of man. He tells a story of greed, destruction and how mortal men are enslaved by their delusions of grander and how they feast upon the misery of others to elevate their own scummy egos, that prove to be their worst vices. It is a struggle of good and evil that begins with a cursed gift of a powerful ring, the On e Ring, that leads one keen-sighted hobbit on the most important journey of his life-time thus far, for he isnt only fighting for his own soul that is threatened to be claimed by the very ring he is given, but those of all of his people. The ring is sought after by its very creator Sauron the all powerful sorcerer, and Dark Lord of the middle-earth to aid in his evil deeds. In his sin blackened hands the ring has the power to rob the creatures of middle-earth of their one fundamental right endowed by God himself their strange freedom. The story follows Frodo on his journey to the Crack of Doom a fiery mountain in the layer of Mordor where the Dark Lord himself reigns with a swift hand. in that respect and only there may he not only destroy the symbolic ring but put to rest the very demons that drove at his soul and threatened to over power him.J.R.R. Tolkien was Bloemfontein, Orange Free State, South Africa on January 2, 1892 and died on September 3, 1973. (St. James 558) He deli ghted and titillated readers of all ages by first introducing them to the middle-earth in The Hobbit, a story of Frodos cousin Bilbo. The story detailed his mythical journey in which he was accompanied by wizards and elves in search of rumored treasures. The One Ring that plays a major role in The Fellowship of the Ring was the fruit of Bilbos struggles in The Hobbit. Although The Hobbit was a large success... ...e the evil of so many?I believe that Tolkien is a supreme storyteller. The very idea of creating a mythical land of middle-earth to allow so much versatility is ingenious alone. The characters are so real they seem to leap from the pages. They are the result of great thought. They have their own very developed vocabularies, eccentrics, and weaknesses yet each character draws an spic strength from one another. I believe that this work is a classic because of the very developed plot, characters, and its openness to each individuals interpretation. Whether the reader believe s it is implying religious determine, social values or telling a unique story unlike any others it is a must read for anyone who enjoys great literature. Works CitedGrottaKurska, Daniel. J.R.R. Tolkien Architect of Middle Earth. Philadelphia cut PRess, 1976.Miller, David M. Narrative Pattern in The Fellowship of the Ring.A Tolkien Compass. Ed. Jared Lobdell. La Salle Il.The Open Court Publishing Company,1975. Pringle, David. Ed. St. James Guide to Fantasy Writers. New York St. James Press, 1996. Tolkien, J.R.R. The Fellowship of the Ring. New York Ballantine books, 1955

J.R.R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings Essay -- Tolkien Lord Rings Essays

J.R.R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings Three Rings for the Eleven-kings under the sky, Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone, Nine for Mortal workforce doomed to die, maven for the relentless Lord on his Dark throne, In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie. One Ring to rule them all, One ring to find them, One ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them, In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie(Tolkien). Master of storytelling J.R.R. Tolkien continues the lives of the fictitious creatures that he introduced in The Hobbit, in his modern determinate The Fellowship of the Ring. He artfully illustrates the truths of the evil that plague the hearts of man. He tells a story of greed, destruction and how mortal men are enslaved by their delusions of grander and how they junketeer upon the misery of others to elevate their own pitiful egos, that prove to be their worst vices. It is a struggle of good and evil that begins with a cursed gift of a in good order ring , the One Ring, that leads one wise hobbit on the most important journey of his life-time thus far, for he isnt only fighting for his own soul that is jeopardise to be claimed by the very ring he is given, but those of all of his people. The ring is sought after by its very creator Sauron the all powerful sorcerer, and Dark Lord of the middle-earth to aid in his evil deeds. In his sin blackened hands the ring has the power to rob the creatures of middle-earth of their one fundamental even out endowed by God himself their precious freedom. The story follows Frodo on his journey to the Crack of Doom a fiery mountain in the layer of Mordor where the Dark Lord himself reigns with a swift hand. There and only there may he not only destroy the symbolic ring but throw off to rest the very demons that drove at his soul and threatened to over power him.J.R.R. Tolkien was Bloemfontein, Orange Free State, South Africa on January 2, 1892 and died on September 3, 1973. (St. crowd together 55 8) He delighted and titillated readers of all ages by first introducing them to the middle-earth in The Hobbit, a story of Frodos cousin Bilbo. The story detailed his mythical journey in which he was accompanied by wizards and elves in search of rumored treasures. The One Ring that plays a major role in The Fellowship of the Ring was the fruit of Bilbos struggles in The Hobbit. Although The Hobbit was a large success... ...e the evil of so many?I believe that Tolkien is a supreme storyteller. The very idea of creating a mythical land of middle-earth to digest so much versatility is ingenious alone. The characters are so real they seem to leap from the pages. They are the result of long thought. They have their own very substantial vocabularies, eccentrics, and weaknesses yet apiece character draws an impeccable strength from one another. I believe that this work is a classic because of the very developed plot, characters, and its openness to each individuals interpretation. Whe ther the reader believes it is implying religious values, social values or telling a unique story unlike any others it is a must read for anyone who enjoys great literature. Works CitedGrottaKurska, Daniel. J.R.R. Tolkien Architect of Middle Earth. Philadelphia Running PRess, 1976.Miller, David M. Narrative Pattern in The Fellowship of the Ring.A Tolkien Compass. Ed. Jared Lobdell. La Salle Il.The Open Court Publishing Company,1975. Pringle, David. Ed. St. James sink to Fantasy Writers. New York St. James Press, 1996. Tolkien, J.R.R. The Fellowship of the Ring. New York Ballantine books, 1955

Marketing & Sustainability Essay

What exactly is marketing? Is it near convincing people to buy products through various media? Billboards, TV commercials, junk mail and magazines filled with advertisements? From the consumers spot, that is how it seems (Kotler et al. 2010, p. 5). But from a businesss standpoint, marketing is viewed very differently. marketing is viewed as being based on an exchange relationship between a business and its customers, where a business offers something of value, and customers buy this product, which provides the business with the means to continue producing this item of value (Moscardo et al. 2010, p. 277). Where does sustainability fit into marketing?In the past, the discipline of marketing has been charge of stimulating unsustainable levels of consumption amongst consumers (Rettie, Burchell & Riley 2012 p. 420). Now with the cushion of our overconsumption starting to take its toll on our earth, marketers must reassess its strategies and practices to accommodate the reality of l imited resources and the environmental encounter our consumption is having on the planet. In beau monde to sustain our valuable resources for future generations, businesses need to re-evaluate their research and development strategies, production methods and financial and marketing practices (Kotler 2011, p. 132). This involves integrating affectionate and environmental concepts into conventional marketing strategies (Peattie & Belz 2010, p. 9). Consumer behaviourIn the chapter by Wells, et al, the relevance of consumer behaviour in marketing is discussed and broken down into the four As of sustainable consumer behaviour, Awareness, Acceptance, Ability and Action. This addresses a method that can be used to encourage consumers to support and engage in sustainable behaviours (Moscardo et al. 2010, p. 277). AwarenessIn order for a customer to buy a green product, they must be awake of the sustainability write outs that are being addressed by the product. If you are not aware of a problem, how can you make changes to address it? A study conducted by whirlpool discovered that because its customers were not awareof what CFCs were, they refused to pay a premium for a CFC-free refrigerator (Kotler et al. 2010, p. 23). Although many consumers remain uninformed about the seriousness of sustainability issues, the number of people considering the environment and social issues when making a purchase is on the rise. A study in Norway in 2011 discovered that most participants were aware of the sustainability concept, which when compared to a similar study performed in 1995, showed an make up in the familiarity of sustainability. It is slick that this could be due to increased media coverage on the issue and is an encouraging finding for sustainability marketing (Hanss & Bohm 2012, p. 679). AcceptanceIn order to want to solve a problem, you need to assent the problem as true and relevant. One factor influencing the acceptance of a particular behaviour is the individu als level of tending about an issue (Galbreth & Ghosh 2012, p. 128). Is climate change really an issue or is it just another far-fetched theory being hyped up by the media? (Moscardo et al. 2010, p. 284). People accept the latter may be more likely to disregard products promoting their efforts of reducing their impact on climate change. Another factor that can affect a consumers willingness to participate in sustainable behaviours is the social acceptability of that action. The social acceptability of sustainable behaviours as a whole is becoming less of an issue in recent times, as environmental consciousness has seen things like locally and organically grown produce become more mainstream (Sheth & Sisodia 2012, p. 77). Personal biases can overly play a role in acceptance. Some consumers may believe that products made from recycled materials may be of inferior quality and therefore their performance and reliability would be negatively affected (OECD 2009, p. 46). AbilityAbili ty refers to whether a person has the means in which to pursue the desired action. Products labelled as organic, perishable, made from recycled material or other similar green claims are generally priced higher than conventional products (Kotler et al, 2010 pg 405). Low income earners, students, pensioners and the unemployed may not be able to afford a premium on sustainable products and will buy the cheapest alternative conventional product. Also, not all products on the market may have an available greenalternative and therefore the consumer has no choice but to purchase a non-green product (Moscardo et al. 2010, p. 284). GreenwashingIn the text, the issue of greenwashing was addressed and its impact on consumer purchase decisions and on the sustainability market. Greenswashing can be described as the practice of overemphasising a companys environmental credentials, often by misinforming the in the public eye(predicate) or understating potentially harmful activities (Doyle 2011) . The practice of greenwashing has led to consumers being more sceptical of products marketed as green or environmentally friendly. This scepticism may result in consumers avoiding sustainable products for fear that the green labelling may indicate an inferior product using promises of sustainable resources and production to increase its prices (Rettie Burchell & Riley 2012, p. 422).One learning in Norway showed that labelling of products was considered the most indicative way to ensure the sustainability of the product and that consumers tended to favour labels in which they were familiar. As there are a large number of eco and just trade labels used in Norway, customers intending to purchase sustainable products may avoid perfectly good sustainable products due to the lack of familiarity of the label and therefore self-reliance and confidence in the product (Hanss & Bohm 2012, p. 685). ConvenienceAs stated in the text, convenience and green products are not generally two terms that go together, and there has often been a trade-off between convenience and sustainability. Although rechargeable batteries are more environmentally friendly, It is a lot more convenient to just replace old used batteries with new ones and throw the old ones away. In a constantly moving, time poor world, convenience is highly valued by customers, and sustainable products that cannot match the convenience of its conventional rivals may be unsuccessful in the marketplace (Peattie & Belz 2010, p. 13). CommunicationWhen all is said and done, it all comes down to good communication. Communication is vital to make consumers aware of the development of products and solutions tackling the issue of sustainability, and how they can meet customers needs and be efficiently integrated into their life-timestyle (Peattie & Belz 2010, p. 13). ConclusionThis article effectively examines the challenges presented to companies in the sustainable production and marketing of their products. The move ment towards the use of renewable materials is clear, nevertheless, consumers may be reluctant to accept these products for a variety of reasons. By examining the issues confronted by businesses today the chapter addresses the main concepts of consumer behaviour and the challenges for the future. Customer expectations are one of the main considerations in producing and marketing a product. small-arm the author discusses the concept of awareness, one aspect that may have been mentioned is possible strategies a company might use in order to effectively increase awareness and methods for effective communication.ReferencesDoyle, C 2011, A Dictionary of selling, 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, NY. Galbreth, MR & Ghosh, B 2012, Competition and Sustainability The Impact of Consumer Awareness Decision Sciences, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 127 159. Hanss, D & Bohm, G 2012, Sustainability seen from the perspective of consumers, International Journal of Consumer Studies, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 678 687. Kotler, P 2011, Reinventing marketing to Manage the Environmental Imperative, Journal of Marketing, vol. 75, pp 132-135. Kotler, P, Brown, L, Burton, S, Deans, K & Armstrong, G 2010, Marketing, 8th edn, Pearson Australia, Frenches Forest, NSW. Morcardo, G Lamberton, G, Wells, G, Fallon, W, Lawn, P, Rowe, A, Humphrey, J, Wiesner, R, Pettitt, B, Clifton, D, Renouf, M & Kershaw, W 2013, Sustainability in Australian Business Principles and Practice. Wiley-Blackwell, Milton, QLD. OECD 2008, Promoting Sustainable Consumption Good Practices in OECD Countries, OECD, viewed on March 28th, www.oecd.org/greengrowth/40317373.pdf. Peattie, K & Belz, FM 2010 Sustainability Marketing An Innovative Conception of Marketing Marketing Review St. Gallen, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 8-15. Rettie, R, Burchell, K & Riley, D 2012 Normalising green behaviours A new approach to sustainability marketing, Journal of Marketing Management, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 420-444. Sheth, JN & Sisodia, RS 2012, The 4As of Mar ketingCreating Value for Customers, Companies and Society, Taylor & Francis, NY.

Lord of the Flies- Who Is the Best Leader Essay

In the novel, there is a clear, constant battle for leadership between deuce of the main characters, Ralph and labourer. The two characters are completely different- as you could say they are the antithesis of one another. In appearance, character, desires (as one wants control through order and civilization and one in self-entertainment). I am going to show how and why Jack Merridew is clearly a better, more appealing leader of the two.First things first, an interesting scene is the one of the elections, at the start of the novel, as the author clearly emphasises the embarrassment and anger Jack feels as he loses the vote. Many judge this negatively, as to pointing out the selfishness and avarice of great power Jack demonstrates, but turning the tables, you could also notice Jacks confidence before the actual elections. This might suggest how Jack is completely original he can be a better leader, which after turns out to be true towards the end of the novel.Secondly, I would like to point out over again how attractive Jack is towards the rest of the boys, as he satisfies completely their primal desires fun, hunting, messing around. He shows this several times, one of them being he gave a wild whoop and leapt on the pale sand. At once the platform was full of noise and excitement, scrambling, screams and laughter. This particularly evidences the esteem and admiration the kids feel towards Jack. This is a reason he could be a better leader. Who wants to be a boring, civilized loser, and not a courageous, enthusiastic hunter who likes to kill everything? Which kid would not choose a reliable and confident, skilful leader, over a weak, unstable drag, who can only rely on a fat chatterbox with no benefits of any kind? indeed this means thatI would like to refer again to Ralphs instability and lack of confidence, as he actually admits in a way to piggy, that Jack is much superior to him, and this is the worst thing a leader can do not believe in himself. Even more severe is the detail that Ralph al some fears Jack, not only as a menace to his reputation and leadership, but also as a major threat to him. This is shown as oafish states how Jack detests him, but also detests Ralph, maybe because hes the leader. He simply says, alone hes Jack MerridewAnother test copy of Jacks power of attention over the kids is after his speech Jack handed the conch and sat. The whole assembly applauded in relief. He had just insulted most of the little kids, saying they were a bunch of cry-babies which never helped doing anything. But they applauded anyways by this we can deduce that he is a general referring-point for all, as a brave, imponent figure. But in this case it is important to draw out the fact that Jack just gave spirit and taught a lesson to the littleuns.To conclude the speech, I am going to nuance by saying that Jack is certainly the most catchy and enthusiastic leader, and a perfect one, for boys and littleuns. Said, because even the author himself outlines this, by this last quote do by Ralph, which states Jacks supremacy on him and the boys.

Self Interest Motivates

Humans have always wondered what drives them to make the choices the make. One of the theories commonwealth have come up with is that self-interest primarily motivates mankind. This theory is defended in the actions of Luba and her suitor in Angels of Bergen-Belsen, the decisions made by Ilsa Hermann and Hans Hubermann in The Book Thief, and the struggles with death in Night. In Angel of Bergen-Belsen, Luba, a Polish Jewish woman, loses her son as she is interpreted prisoner into a concentration camp in Bergen-Belsen where she saves the hots of forty-eight ramshackle children in the camps in hope that someone is caring for her son as she cares for them.She takes care of the children because she misses her son, Isaac, who was taken away from her at the time of the selection process during the beguile to the camp. To make up for the loss, she fulfills her m early(a)ly instincts by feeding and comforting the children who were abandoned. The children also motivate her to live because they are dependent on her and make her sense have to keep living for them. If Luba fractures, they will be less wish wellly to survive in the hardships of the camps. They make her feel wanted and needed. With this her she is able to answer her urge to live and can face the harsh situations presented to her.Her desire to live lets her adapt to harsh circumstances presented to her so with the misfortune of losing her son, she lets the new children she finds replace her son. Her suitor, a German military officer in charge of her barrack, however, was not able to gain her affection like the children. He does his best to try and capture her heart by bringing her gifts like wood, which Jews were not allowed to have. It seems as if he is trying to help the woman he loves get what she needs, but the real motive for it is that he is trying to win her heart. regular though he does actually want to help Luba, he wants to satisfy his own desire and self-interest for her love more. In The Book Thief, Ilsa Hermann does not track Liesel to the authorities for taking a book from a bonfire during Hitlers birthday in Molching because she is intrigued by her. She does that not because she cares about Liesels future, but because she has taken an interest to Liesel and wants to get to know her. To get closer to Liesel, she invites her into her library and shares her book with her.She tries to keep Liesel close because Liesels provocative behavior distracts her from her depression from her sons death. She basically wants Liesel around because Liesel is able to draw away the depressing thoughts Ilsa has. On the other hand, Hans Hubermann helps cover up Max Vandenburg from being captured by the Nazis because he had Erik Vandenburg to thank (Zusak 176) for relieve his life during the First World War. He offers Eriks wife to call him whenever she needs help as compensation. He feels obligated to do this because he would feel guilty if he did not do anything in return for the man that saved his life.When Maxs call for help comes, Hans wants to fulfill his promise to the Vandenburg family so that he wont feel any guilt for being the sole survivor of the battle. In order to fulfill his sense of justice, he agrees to hide Max in his house. He does not want to shoulder the burden of knowing that he allowed his saviors son to die when he had an chance of saving him or at least increasing his chances of survival. He also wants to be true to himself and do what he believes is the right thing to do because A Jew once saved his life and he could not forget that (Zusak 180).Furthermore, in Night, Elie and his baffle struggle to keep each alive because they give each other a reason to continue living in the world. Elie does his best to persuade his father to keep living, and he tells himself that he has no right to let himself die because he is his fathers sole support (Wiesel 87). They both do not want to be left to fend for themselves in the work camps and to h ave to face the hardship of the world themselves. Their dependency for each other is shown when the father and son often walk together holding hands in the camps, afraid that they will be separated.They ask for the same work assignments, sleep in the same building, share food, and sing Hasidic songs together (Wiesel 29). Elie looks towards his father for guidance, and his father looks towards Elie for strength. They keep each other alive for their own self benefit so that they will have someone to lean on for help. Despite Elies close relationship with his father, that wasnt the case for all fathers and sons. As the Jews were being transported to a different camp, German workers would take a piece of bread out of their bag and throw it into a water ouzel (Wiesel 100). The men inside the wagon fight like animals for a few crumbs.One old man manages to get a piece. His son sees and attacks his own father for the bread. He is motivated to kill his own father for it for his desire to survive and live on. He is not interested in the well-being, but only of his own. He will do whatever is necessary for survival. Angel of Bergen-Belsen, The Lunch Date, The Book Thief, and Night all show the same trait of self-interest being the chief(prenominal) cause for motivating people to make the decisions they make. Even though their actions will have a good effect, their intentions behind them are actually for their own self-interests and benefits.

Pathophysiology Of Hypertension Therapeutic Intervention Health And Social Care Essay

The normal scope of breed force per building block area in a healthy individual is 120/90 millimeter Hg. Clinically a individual is said to be hypertensive if their origin force per unit area is 140/90 millimeter Hg or supra, on 2 separate occasions. ( 1 & A 2 ) The left ventricle of a hypertensive individual is enlarged due to the change magnitude work burden on the bosom. This increases the oxygen demand of the cardiac musculus. In order to run into this increased demand, the coronary circulation increases the cardiac end product ( 1 )Imbalance in cardiac end product volume and peripheral opposition leads to a examine in blood force per unit area. ( 3 ) . Cardiac end product is defined as the volume of blood pumped from the bosom and intact peripheral opposition is the opposition of flow of blood in smaller arteriolas and ) viscousness of blood ( 1 & A 2 )There are two chief types of high blood ram level viz. basal ( indispensable high blood pressure and secondary high blood pressure. In primary high blood pressure, high blood force per unit area is non accompanied by an implicit in disease. Secondary high blood pressure is a rise in arterial blood force per unit area due to an implicit in disease, examples include nephritic and neurotic diseases early(a) surveies of high blood pressure showed that there was a little addition in cardiac end product before any alteration in peripheral opposition. ( 3 ) From these findings it was suggested that the cardic end product ab initio rises due to sodium and H2O retension, this leads to an autoregulatory rise in peripheral opposition. The cardiac end product so fell once more as a consequence of cardiovascular physiological reactions, nevertheless the blood force per unit area remained somewhat wondrousTo understand the pathophysiology of high blood pressure, it is of import to understand the mechanisms involved in modulating blood pressure.i.e. The homeostatic mechanisms that taken topographic point ( 92 )Baroreceptors detect a alteration in force per unit area. bodure 1 shows the neurogenic mechanism triggered by high blood pressure. When the force per unit area rises an sensory(prenominal) signal is sent to the vasomotor system, in the myelin oblongata of the encephalon. This consequences in cut downing motorial sympathetic activity taking in arterial dilatation and decreased myocardial contractility, therefore seeking to return force per unit area to its original value. In chronic high blood pressure the homeostatic physiological reactions are reset to a higher degree 4 The mechanism of indispensable high blood pressure is non wholly known and is a subject that is presently under research. ( 88 )Assorted factors regulate blood force per unit area, these include.A break in one or more of these could be a possible cause for high blood pressure 3 Factors that are linked to primary high blood pressure are environmental factors, organic twist weight, intoxicant consumption, diet etic factors, exeThere is a important relationship between kidney disease and high blood pressure.Renin is an enzyme, and is chiefly found in the juxtaglomerular setup in the kidney. ( Fig )The secernment of renin is initiated by a lessening in perfusion force per unit area in the kidney and alterations in Na concentration of the distal cannular fluid.As shown in fig. Renin catabolises angiotensinogen, a protein from the liver, and signifiers angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is activated by angiotonin change overing enzyme and as a consequence it yields Angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is 40 times more powerful in raising blood force per unit area as compared to noradrenalin. The renin-angiotensin system is besides thought to modulate the evacuation of Na by the kidneyPhaeochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal secretory organ which causes increased secernment of the endocrine epinephrine. This leads to an increased arterial force per unit area. This is an good example of secondary high blood pressureReflux neuropathy is a nephritic disease where the kidneys get disrupted due to the backward flow of piss in the kidney. The image at a lower place shows an affected arteria ( 172 )( 3 )Factors that increase the hazard of 10 ..et Al suggested that high blood pressure should be seen as a complex unhealthy disease. The survey showed that inflammatory processes play an of import function in prolonging systematic high blood pressure 10 ( 600 )There are legion interventions for high blood pressure.Primary high blood pressureWhile sing the usage of medicates, we should do certain that the drug is i.e. its benefits outweighs its side-effects.Figure aa demoing systems responsible for the homeostatic control of blood force per unit area together with mark sites for anti-hypertensive drugsBeginning 6 As shown in Fig the sympathetic nervous system, the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the tonically-active endothelium derived autocoids are the chief systems resp onsible in the ordinance of high blood pressure. 6 Mentioning to fig and postpone 1 6 11 Recently et Al performed a complete Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and clinical rating of the drug aliskiren. The survey showed that Aliskiren was a prospective anti-hypertensive drug 11 7 et Al showed that usage of initial combination therapy of the drugs aliskiren and amlodipine for the control of blood force per unit area improves early eA?Aaectiveness and is more effectual to each monotherapy in early control of blood force per unit area 7 The intervention of high blood pressure by drugs is most effectual when accompanied with lifestyle alterations including regular exercising, healthy diet, weight and intoxicant decrease and no smoke.Drug intervention for high blood pressure is non authentically effectual in all patients..et Al showed that pharmacological intervention was merely effectual on tierce of patients enduring from high blood pressure. The survey cogitate that there was a important relationship between psychological factors and hapless high blood pressure control 8 12 showed that 60-70 % of high blood pressure in grownups is caused by fleshiness and suggested mechanisms such as insulin opposition, Na keeping, increased sympathetic nervous system activity, activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, and altered vascular interpret are obesity-relatedhigh blood pressure. suggested that consciousness of the disease is the most reasonable long term solution 12 ( 183 )In decision, high blood pressure is a multifactorial disease, that is caused by a figure of factors including environmental factors, genetic sciences, lifestyle etc. The mechanism of high blood pressure is a subject which is still existence researched. Depending upon the implicit in disease and the badness, secondary high blood pressure may be able to be treated surgically.Primary high blood pressure if diagnosed at an early phase can be combated with medical specialties and simpl e alterations like regular exercising, healthy low salt and low fat diet, rock-bottom alcohol consumption etc.( 80 )

Pollution: Global Warming and Personal Hygiene Products

POLLUTION Pollution happens absolutely everywhere, every single second of the day, everywhere on earth. It happens in numerous city, valety town, or many state. You john find pollution in cars, home electronics, personal hygiene products, natural disasters, and compensate your own home. Pollution is poison for anything that lives and breathes it poisons water, air, land, humans, and animals, so it cannot to be taken lightly. As a law people should take more care of their surroundings and try harder to preserve the world we live in, even if it is inconvenient to us. Because if we dont save ourselves, who will?The things we could do to save our planet from pollution could reduce further destruction . Everyone is benefited when we have clean water, air, land, etcetera . For example, we never hear any news about a person dying because of clean air but instead we hear news like, man died from pollution, family living in home pollution, water tests show pollution particles, the list g oes on forever. By identifying the problem at an early stage, we can start to transposition the pollution process. Thus making our mother Earth cleaner. Thefunny thing of all this is that though the earth is gettingpolluted man is least daunted about it . e doesnt know that he himself is digging his owngravebecause pollution not only spoils his own health but withalworsens hisquality of life. People in cities who are exposed to various kinds of pollution suffer from several ailments like high blood pressure, asthma and skin diseases. drivel thrown around leads to break out of epidemics like cholera, malaria, chikungunya etc. Poisonous chemicals from theairas well as our water bodies have recently caused an exponential rise in cancer cases. Scientists say that it is still not late to act, and governments all over the world have started acting.Countries are trying their best to figure pollution by adopting measures like control of CO2 emissions, using clean fuels, proper waste m anagementpractices, and planting trees on a large scale. stock-still no efforts would be complete unless each one us does our bit to protect our environment. We all can contribute in our small way bysavingfuel, water and electricity, disposing garbage responsibly and living simple lives. It is the responsibility of each one of us to safeguard the environment so that future generations can enjoy thebeautyand bounty of Mother nature.

Jim the idiot

One of the many things we should thank God most for in this life is His amazing grace. His grace saves us from despair and ruin, it grows within us as we learn more about Him and it sustains as we go through life and Into eternity. While the Lords forgiveness shows in a variety of ways, I believe His saving, growing and sustaining grace are the three most significant demonstrations of His mildness.God go awayingly chose to give up his life In Heaven so that He could come down on this sinful Earth In unman form before dying a horrible death on the fool to save all those who love Him. Helping not only as a redeeming factor in our lives but in also making us acceptable to Him, God uses His saving grace to wash away our sins. God lets us know that He always has us in His hands, protect us from harm.Without our Saviors endless compassion and mercy we would have no chance of surviving this life and spending eternity In Heaven with Him would be impossible. As we acquire more knowledge a bout God, the more His grace expands in every aspect of our lives. However, in order for His grace to grow and for Him to become a bigger part in our ivies we need to humble ourselves and accept Him as our one and 11 only Lord. If we truly want to see how much mercy He has for us, we have to have a deep interest in acquiring more knowledge about God and His works.When we grow with Christ well image greater Joy In the smaller, simpler things In this life as God will make Himself more apparent in them. Sustaining grace holds as Gods attend to to the painful circumstances in life that we go through. We need to remember that no matter what God will always love us and that He has infinite amounts of love and mercy for His children. Whatever we are owing through, God will stand 100% behind us and will always flap us out safely. Even If we do not see It, His grace dwells with us forever. No temptation has overtaken you that Is not common to man. God is faithful, and He will not let you be tempted beyond your ability, but with the temptation He will also provide the way of escape, that you may be able to last it. 1 Corinthians 1013 ultimately, there are many ways in which God shows us His amazing grace in our lives, and if we pay vigilance to the work He does around us we will definitely see throughout eternity. Gods grace truly amazes me.

Business Research Methods & Tools Essay

2.Suppose you were preparing two-way tables of percent times for the following pairs of uncertains. How would you run the percentages?When two-way tables are being d peerless this is ordinarily beca hire one of the variables is thought to be the cause, affect the cause, or predict the response of the other variable. This is called the (IV) independent variable (Cooper & Schindler, 2011 p.446). aAge and consumption of breakfast cereal.I would categorize age as the IV and percentages should be computed in the direction of this variable to provide that age has some effect on the consumption of breakfast cereal. bFamily income and confidence near the familys future.I think with this scenario either one could be used as the IV to determine whether higher income families compared to lower income families have more(prenominal) or less confidence on their familys future. cMarital status and sports participation.I would use marital status as the IV and compute percentages in the directi on of that variable to determine the effects that marriage has on sports participation. dCrime rate and unemployment rateI would use the unemployment rate as the IV and compute the percentages in this direction to show that unemployment rates have an effect on crime rate. Inquiring Minds Want to Know Case study1.Build the management-research question hierarchy.Management Dilemma Will Penton Media relegate lower publicise revenue if alternative methods of interrogative stimulation went untracked callable to the usage decline of ref service cards? Management suspense Are business publication advertisements generating fewer leads than in the past? Research Questions Do we continue to include reader service cards in the magazines as a value-enhancing service to the readers as well as the advertisers? What alternative methods using data technology can be implemented to enhance adverting revenues as reader service card usage declines?Investigative Questions What are the percentages of subscribers using reader service cards in the present compared to the past two years? If thither is a decline in usage, what are the alternatives the customers are using? Can we implement strategies to streamline those alternatives in information technology to sustain and enhance our advertising revenue? Management Questions Will Penton Media experience a decline in profits due to alternative methods in information technology of customer examination stimulation from advertisements? Management Decision Discontinue the use of reader service cards and it will be replaced with alternative methods by use of emerging information technology, which will integrate the customer with the advertiser on a real-time, customizable basis. 2. What ethical restitutions are relevant to this study?The largest issue relevant to this study was the issue of informed consent. During this study in that location is no mention that the actors of the study were fully informed of the details. I also bel ieve that there was some researcher deviate because out of the 676 buyers that responded only 40 respondents were followed up with to get more knowledge of their behavior and attitudes after data had been analyzed. I dont think 40 people out of 676 would give accurate results of buyers attitudes and behaviors. One final ethical issue is the right to privacy (confidentiality). The cover letter in the survey indicates, solely individual responses will remain completely confidential however, it is Penton who has the responsibility of maintaining the confidentiality as it collects data from customers that can be most likely traceable to the survey participant based on the market and information data provided at the end of the survey.3. Describe the sampling envision. Analyze its strengths and weaknesses. The sampling plan used is this survey was the stratified disproportionate random sample. This sampling plan was used because the researcher was looking to reach a specific subgroup within the population, and focused on disproportionate because there are different sampling fractions for each stratum. For example, out of 710 questionnaires received 676 were used and out of that only 40 were chosen for another sample. The strength of this sampling plan is that there is greater precision but the weakness is the difficulty to identify what the appropriate strata is for the study (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). 4. Describe the research design. Analyze its strengths and weaknesses. Research Design is the enlist for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). The research design consisted of a multistage communication study. In the communication study the researcher questions the subjects and collects their responses by personal or impersonal actor (Cooper & Schindler, 2011).The collected data resulted in a reader-targeted mail questionnaire by phone, then by mail questionnaire to a select 300 subscribers before finalizing the questionn aire to 4,000 managers, executives, engineers, and buying agents. The technique used in the questionnaire was qualitative, by asking specific questions on methods of contact between consumer and advertiser. Secondary research was used when 12 magazines were used to compare the inquiry response options that were/are offered. All of these designs can help to acquire data more cost efficiently than other designs and have the ability to reach more people. However, the data may not be as accurate as with other methods. For instance, the research from the magazines may not be accurate because Penton was relying on the situation that the information from the magazines was accurate and had been retrieved correctly. 6. Critique the survey used for the study.First, the survey used was segmented to purchasers of organizations instead of a sample that represented the entire publication population. The researchers noteworthy the margin of error was +- 4% however, a balanced sample of the popu lation would have produced results that could be much different than the segmented sample population. If key managerial decisions are to be made based on this questionnaire, you should have the entire population represented. In this case, just because someone is not a purchase manager, Penton is ignoring the other subscribers who may also use the reader service card service as a consumer or through their own personal business. Besides the position it excluded non-purchase approvers from the sample, the survey is well designed. The questions are clear, concise, and accomplish the goal of how users interact with advertisers on potential suppliers, products, and services7. Assume you are compiling your research report. How would you present the statistical information within this case to the IndustryWeek decision maker, the manager who must decide whether or not to continue to publish reader service cards? I would present this information by developing bar graphs that show the usage f requency by years. The bar graphs will be effective because they can easily show the growth or decline of use throughout the years. 8. Assume you are compiling your research report. What are the limitations of this study? The research limitations are due to excluding respondents who are not purchase decision makers. The sample of the subscriber population was not a representation of the entire population but only of subscribers with purchasing ability. This will distort the results of the survey and could impact the decision on whether to continue or discontinue the reader service cards based on the opinions of one segment of the population9. Assume you are the decision maker for IndustryWeek . Given the declining value of the reader response card to subscribers, originally designed as a value-enhancing service to IW readers and advertisers alike, what further research might be suggested by the findings of this study? Or do you have sufficient information to stop the use of reader response cards in IndustryWeek ? I think that even though the research was limited to a small segment of the entire population, I would still make the managerial decision to end the use of reader cards due to the declining usage and with the dramatic increases in alternative means by email, internet, and facsimile communication. I think it would be a better idea to look into other options to replace the reader cards.

FASB Codification System Orientation Paper

Becoming an accountant there ar many guidelines and regulations that one must become aware of. The FASB assists in establishing these guidelines through generally accepted news report principles, generally accepted accounting principles. As an accountant one must follow GAAP while producing any reports for a business. Consequently, the antecedent will explore the FASB Codification System, its purpose, and contents.The FASB Codification SystemThe FASB Codification Systems is a source of principles and standards recognized by the FASB that is utilise to nongovernmental entities in the preparation of financial statements in consistency with (GAAP). Rules and interpretive releases of the Securities and Exchange Commission ( bit) under self-confidence of federal securities laws are also sources of authoritative GAAP for SEC registrants (FASB. n.d.). Generally, the FASB Codification System helps to establish the principles and modeling for preparation of financial statements.The Pur pose of FASB Codification SystemThe purpose is to have accounting to have established GAAP principles for nongovernmental entities to follow. This helps to maintain uniform accounting principles. The FASB Accounting Standards Codification as the source of authoritative principles and standards recognized by the FASB to be applied by nongovernmental entities in the preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP (FASB. n.d.). The SEC helps to regulate to ensure entities are following the guidelines properly.The content and types under FASB Codification SystemThe nine content areas dictated under the FASB Codification System is general principles, presentation, assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, expenses, broad transactions, and industry. Under the general principles are overview, objectives, scope, scope exceptions, glossary, transition, exposed effective date information, grandfathered guidance, and XBRL Elements. The presentation section lists all the different typ es of financial statements. The assets name all assets much(prenominal) as cash, cash equivalents, receivables, investments, inventory, and more. The liability, equity, revenue, expenses,broad transaction, and industry list accordingly. In general individually section reviews each classification and its sub categories inwardly financial statements.ConclusionThe FASB Codification System establishes GAAP principles that must be followed within nongovernmental entities while preparing financial statements. The website thoroughly explains all financial statements and classification codes. These principles assist in keeping conformity in financial reporting which is critical to follow while accounting for a business.

Path-Goal Theory Essay

Purpose Leadership is the key to the success of organizations, businesses or individuals. While the leaders ar important, so are the subordinates. This condition digs deep into the leader-subordinate relationships, what are the expectations from the leader, what are the various strain of leadership styles and how individually styles impacts the subordinates. There have been immense amount of researches accepte on the topic of leadership and impact on subordinates.One theory Expectancy theory states that and individuals attitude (eg. Satisfaction with supervision or job rapture) or behavior (e.g. leader behavior or job effort) can be predicted from 1) the decimal point to which the job or behavior is seen as leading to various outcomes (expectancy and 2) the evaluation of these outcomes. Our interest on some(prenominal) project basically depends on the expected outcome. I want to relate this theory to a contrasting kind of topic. I have observed, peoples passion for a certain demand goes down after they dont see an outcome from the authorities. A corking example could be the Immigration Protests. The proponents of path to citizenship and misappropriated aliens did protests etc. some(prenominal) times between 2008-2011. These protests were to a greater extent common and passionate in President Obamas previous tenure.But since nothing has come out even after several years of dogged protests, debates and voting on numerous immigration bills in the congress, I feel now that they are fagged and not very confirming this time around. The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership suggests that military groupive leadership affects subordinates motivation and their baron to perform. The theory proposes that leaders behavior is accept fit to subordinates as far as it is a source of atonement also leaders behavior is motivational for the subordinates if it helps the subordinates to perform better or it provides coaching, guidance, support or reenforce for effective doing.Considering these propositions Path-Goal theory suggest that leaders main functions are to enhance subordinates motivation to perform, satisfaction with the job and acceptance of the leader. Leaders Function Path-Goal Theory and other leadership-Subordinate theories describes there are several strategic function of the leader which consists of 1) recognize and arouse subordinates needs for outcomes over which the leader has some control. 2) setup a rewarding system after fulfillment of certain objectives 3) Make the path to achieve easier by participation, or supporting them4) remove barriers 5) Give more opportunities that motivates them. Leadership Behavior There are quartette important leadership behaviors that are discussed in the article, Supportive, directive, participative and achievement oriented. The research suggested that supportive leadership works scoop up in the stressful & frustrating conditions also when the tasks given to subordinates are not satisfying. L eaders directiveness is rear to be positive when tasks are ambiguous and directions are not clear.In this scenario subordinates gets information from the directions and have more information how to achieve the task while directive nature of the leadership has a negative effect when the tasks are clear, it kind-of frustrates the subordinates. A study by House, Valency and Van Der Krabben suggested that Achievement Oriented leadership, has positive effects on the workers who does non-repetitive and ambiguous jobs, the reason behind workers satisfaction could be their belief that good performance could mean better payoffs. While it seems that Achievement-oriented leadership has no or very little effect on the subordinates who does repetitive or clearly outlined tasks.There is one more reason that is provided in the article is about the nature of the people who does non-repetitive and more ambiguous jobs. These people may be IT professionals or bloodless collar jobs who may get more f lexibility and autonomy while working for achievement-oriented tasks. Mitchell described four-spot ways in which Participative Leadership affects subordinates behavior, first a participative climate increases the clarity of the tasks, organizational contingencies etc. second it gives a choice to the subordinates to pick their goals they are able to see what they value more and how they can achieve it.Thirdly when the leader participates with the subordinates they get more involved in the process and subordinates get more willpower of the work. The fourth impact is a result of the third point, when subordinates starts to feel to get ownership of the work, then they starts olfactory sensation the pressure for high performance due to inner conscience. I think it is a very good article as it is very relevant to our daily work be it professional or individualized challenges. It clearly shows the path for the leadership style you should take for managing your subordinates and ultimate ly reach your organizations and your own(prenominal) goals.1)Discussion Can people, who hold certain personality traits, fit in situation where a different kind of leadership is required? For example a micromanager, who has a directive nature, will he be able to fit in the situation where the subordinates job is stressful and tasks are dissatisfying. 2)How can these researches be used when companies are hiring managers? Do they need to first layout the kind of the work company does and then they should interview people and shew to find out the personality traits and their leadership style and then map it with what is best for the organizations environment. 3)Can there be leaders who have all the leadership styles ie. Directive, Supportive, Participative and Achievement Oriented?

Pros and Cons of Social Studies Teaching

Characteristics of Short Stories picpic References Alphonse, M. , (2011). naturalism in Literature. Retrieved November 20, 2012 from http//www. buzzle. com/articles/naturalism-in-literature. htmlom. Vaux, R. (2012). What Are the Basic Characteristics of Realism. Retrieved November 20, 2012 from http//www. ehow. com/facts_5714410_basic-characteristics-realism_. html. pic salient Structure Exposition Introduction to setting, situation, and main characters. Complication An event that introduces the conflict.Rising Action Crisis Crucial moment for the booster shot to commit to a course of action. Climax The highest interest of conflict, the most action. Resolution The point when the conflict is resolved. Naturalism Realism Pessimism When a character tends to repeat a phrase by having a pessimistic outlook, this sometimes emphasizes the inevitability or quality of death, or the end (Alphonse, 2011). Detachment The compose tries to maintain an objective pure eminence by achieving a d etachment or change through nameless characters.This focuses mainly on the darn and character rather than focusing on the character only (Alphonse, 2011). Determinism The nonion that individual characters imbibe a direct choice on their lives is replaced by a focus on fate or temper this is the opposite of the belief of free will. The author makes the reader believe that the fate of the character has already been predetermined by certain factors, especially environmental factors and he can do nothing to change it (Alphonse, 2011).Twist at the end There is an overwhelming sense in the naturalist stories and novels that nature is not affected by human struggle. The key themes, survival, determinism, violence, and taboo, have been ideally portrayed in all the works of this literature musical genre (Alphonse, 2011). Accuracy Realism strives for total accuracy in the depiction of its subjects. Devoid of any unnecessary theater or artistic affectation. Realistic works refrain from undue embellishment, and strive for a natural tone (Vaux, 2012). Read more What Are the Basic Characteristics of Realism? eHow. com http//www. ehow. com/facts_5714410_basic-characteristics-realism_. htmlixzz2CmwKmoVv Honesty Realism seeks the depiction of honesty. overturn hiding things behind distortions or opinions. Unpleasant facts or images are presented as they are, as are kick or unassuming details about the content (Vaux, 2012). Independence Philosophical realism stresses the independence of objects from the reader. The author gives a life and an existence separate from anything else, which will continue regardless of anyones opinions the matter (Vaux, 2012).Ordinariness The subjects of pictorial works are defined not by their exceptional nature, but by how ordinary they seem. This allows ordinary to have a voice (Vaux, 2012). Difficulties Realistic protagonists are often beset by great forces beyond their construe or the natural world. Through indifference of a larger s ociety, and in many cases they do not find triumph in their struggle. Unhappy endings are not always the norm in realistic stories, but they are fairly common. Happy endings often involve compromise and larger than life victories (Vaux, 2012).

A Visit to the Seabeach on Puri

Free Sample The Goddess Within for by Gloria Star subrata Dutta November 13, 1957 0144 AM Calcutta, India After my initial immersion into the study of astrology when learning the basics was a fascinate challenge I began to explore the multidimensional nature of astrology and metaphysics. It was quite clear that women and men father and discourse the energetic qualities symbolized in their charts differently. Being a woman, I chose to delve into the gender-differences from a womans point of view.That musical composition resulted in what youll read in this report. I hope you enjoy this view of you Gloria Star Projection of Your strong Self Sometimes showing the world who you really are is not easy, and sometimes the world may not respond as you had hoped Its helpful to take a tone at the differences and similarities between the attitudes, impressions and images you leap out and the person who resides at the core of your being. With your Sun in Scorpio your ego is driven by a carry to be almost enigmatic.Youre more comfortable when at least a little mystery surrounds you, and you undersurface exude a strong level of sensual charm. Youre rarely halfway about anything, and your intensity push aside be daunting to those who are uncomfortable with confrontation. Since your Sun speaks of who you think you are, you may think that youre more deep than you are in actuality No bother youre still a mystery to most, so youre safe Your root word is the face you present to the world, and shows how others see you.Your Ascendant, or rising sign, is Virgo. Through this influence, you may be somewhat the perfectionist in your appearance and may be most comfortable when you feel well-groomed. Others may view you as detail-oriented, which has its advantages if you distinguish what you want. You may be extremely aware of your physical body, to the extent that you know when anything is not working properly. Youd give way keep a nail file in your pocketbook, since youll fiddle with that ragged nail all solar day if you dont have a chance to fix itThe energy associated with your Ascendant is Mercury. With Mercury in Sagittarius, you may be rather outspoken and direct in your manner. Your philosophical outlook definitely colors your personality, and you can be a great conversationalist. With your Moon in sextile aspect to your Ascendant you have the capability of becoming all-around(prenominal) by integrating your feelings about things with the way they are. Youve probably learned that if youre not comfortable with something, you should probably look into it further or avoid it altogether.You may also be quite adept in affinity matters, since you can be aware of the way others are feeling or reacting in addition to staying in touch with your own feelings about whats going on. TheGoddessWithin Get Your Complete The Goddess Within interpretation without delay Self knowledge is power Learn how to reach inwards and discover your strengths, tale nts and potential to embrace and express your personal power in the best possible ways A must have training for women everywhere. Get yours today Only $24. 95 Or get it FREE Get your Complete Reading and Discover. l l lYour basic strengths, talents and needs as portrayed in your line of descent chart How you project yourself to the outside world and is it the line up you Understanding and getting in touch with your true effeminate self Get your Complete Reading and Discover. l l l l l l l Your basic strengths, talents and needs as portrayed in your birth chart How you project yourself to the outside world and is it the true you Understanding and getting in touch with your true feminine self Owning and making the most of you inner masculine self Improving your communications and intuition Your nuzzle to relationships, sex, money and control And much, much more

Supply Cahin Management of Alauddin Textile Mills (Pvt.) Limited

Chapter cardinal Introduction 1. 1 Introduction Bangladesh is rich in dopecel re point of references as headsp name as valet resources. thither ar m for each one garments and fabrics in this country for the handiness of manpower. Favorable environment for work and co-operation of giving medication overly encourage establishing garments and vagabondwork industries here. Alauddin stuff Mills ( automatic teller) Pvt. Limited is one of the well-known textile mill around in Bangladesh. In this penning, I take Alauddin fabric Mills ( automated teller machine) Pvt. Ltd. as a field of my probe and research. This fellowship is to a fault known as standard pressure lungi factory loc altogethery for producing touristed fruit air longyi.This company is to channelise many of its activities for emergeing its well-known harvesting to the customers . Of them, I chose its l give the axe fibril instruction as my research field. Because, cater grasp counseling is an ine vitable part of any company. I noniced its all allow for stove activities truly closely. In recent years, append compass solicitude (SCM) has been developed as essential instruction philosophy and practice for all stock operations. As with other business concern principles, SCM likewise applies to the textile and dress discover industries.A sound supply bowed stringed instrument trouble dishs to identify the supplier and the customer exact that operation mustiness satisfy, link customer demand with suppliers and fruit plans, and keep the operation function foc apply on comforting customers privation. The supply chain non only includes the manufacturer and suppliers, but also transporters, w behouses, retailers, and customer themselves. publish chain management (SCM) is the synchronized of a wholes ope pass judgmentes and those of its suppliers to match the flow of materials, services, and development with customer demand.It is also a process of managing operations control, resource acquisition and purchasing, and armory to improve overall efficiency and effectiveness. This paper focuses on just intimately of the major aspects of supply chain management with its major recompense and how to determination and action effective and efficient supply chain management. 1. 2 Background of the company Alauddin Textile Mills (Pvt. ) is a well known textile industry of Bangladesh. It has actiond its fame to give away lungi a native popular produce of Bangladesh. Now a days atm Lungi is now most popular brand in lungi in Bangladesh.Garments and textiles argon considered as a beck and belly of earning foreign currency. Especially smashing of Bangladesh region has the major concentration in establishing garments and textiles. So ATM Pvt. Limited has chosen Tangail and Norshindi which argon climb at hand of Dhaka, as factory place. It is a private circumscribed loyal. The incorporation period of this firm is 1993. Mr. Alauddin (engi neer) is the entrepreneur and custodian of this company. He started intersectionion in a crushed amount with small capital and sell it in the local market of Tangail.Initially, he had to face many hardship to cut a established figure. unless(prenominal),He gradullay become afford to occupy the local market for produceing replete(p) prime(prenominal) product. Thus, in a short possible time ATM Lungi disbursed its reputation by dint ofout the whole country. It is registered with add-in of Investment ( Bangladesh). This company out and out concerned with textile business. Cotton, Yarn, Fabric atomic number 18 the citeed product of this firm. But, Lungi is the finished goods of ATM Limited. It was the outset of this company when the number of worker was only a handful 10-15 and employees were 2 and Mr.Alauddin himself executed his business. Now, about(predicate) 2300 workers and 200 employees ar at the disposal of this company . Female workers baffle cloakpreted the posses sion of 45% of total number of workers. It is mentionable that this company didnt allow no child job so far. This company is also the member of Dhaka Chamber of commerce, and Narshindi & adenineTangail Chamber of commerce. 1. 3 bid of the problem In production plan of this factory, there are many hardship approach by the production manager. To run production smoothly it is decisive to come almost logistics.These are procurement, operation, distribution, after sale, disposal, forgiving resource management, channel management, material handling logistics and so forthneeded to handle potentially for having a smoothly production . Because for the distance & infra grammatical construction problem, many producer fail to produce as their expectation. Bangladesh is not monied in producing stark naked materials of textile industries. It is another problem for why these factories always worry about unrefined material supply. Besides this, human resource management has become the most overcritical task in garment or textile ndustries. Actually, companies dont declare enough time to spend to conduct any research to find out these problems. I arrive tried to find out some problems regarding production point to selling point in this paper. I do believe my enshroud help this company to unearth problems regarding SCM. 1. 4 Importance of the reputation Theoretical in discrepancyation is not sufficient for business students because there is a gap between theoretical knowledge and hard-nosed ground. This internship program has been initiated mainly to less(prenominal) this gap.So, this practical idea on assorted activities and functions of different department of Alauddin Textile Mills (Pvt. ) Ltd. help me in future to in purse my efficiency and effectiveness. . I believe that the summary, findings and passs go away be helpful for the organization to efficaciously utilize the benefit of supply chain management & increase the efficiency and effectivenes s of their ongoing operations. The use of these tools enables the textile industries to greatly increase its profitability because it is able to match supply and demand in a oftentimes more(prenominal)(prenominal) coordinated fashion.Therefore, the entailmentances of this study are- To gather practical knowledge about supply chain activities of textile move in Bangladesh. It helps to scrutinize the strength and weakness of the companys SCM fix. finding the problem regarding SCM. It give Measure efficiency of the company in all logistics. Finding the gap of anterior research regarding this. Recommending some suggestion against the problems 1. 5 Objectives of the study Objective means the target concern for which veritable effort or works are per organise. There may be a single prey or multi-objectives.So the objective should be identify archetypically, and on the basis of objectives or with a view to sire that objectives the plan is boded and next steps are t aken to implement the outline about the objectives. So, the main objectives of this study is are- * Achieving a realistic idea of live organisation of Supply range of a function Management of this industry. * Problems confront by the participants. * O pivot manion of different groups faced the problems. * To give a few suggestions. 1. 6 Methodology This give notice (of) is universe tried to complete micro take study in a confined, specific, and a presumption period.To prepare the report I consent followed some specific methods and technique, which were helpful for collecting and analyzing data. After I determined what and why I am looking for, then I set adrift our ride to the sea. In this report I have apply primary and randomnessary data. After getting equal materials I then went through the materials and was trying to find the answer of my objective questions. Within the process I had to contact with my supervisor sir. Evaluating all the training I gathered different record and statement of ATM privet limited, BTMA report has helped me preparing this report.The subject material of this report is on primary and secondary sources of data and information. Sources of information primary source * Relevant document studies as provided by the officers concerned. * Observation of various departments. * Collection information from suppliers and customers through questionnaire. Secondary source * Annual report of ATM privet limited. * course catalogue of ATM private limited . * shortened of ATM privet limited chief officers and staff. * Extensive literature search on the basis of document and publishing, BTMA, BTMC, BGMEA. call into question supplying agents and customer of the company through questionnaire. Population The study is about supply chain management of the company so the populations are considering as supplier agents and all the customer of the company. Sample Sample is a subset, or some part, of large population. It is not possible to ta ke all data in report writing so I am take sample for data analysis. I have taken ten samples from the supplier agents and the customer in the company. Sampling Sampling is the process of victimization a small number of items or parts of larger population to accept conclusions about the whole population.There are various types of sampling. In my study I am follow the simple random sampling. Simple random sampling is a sampling procedure that assures each element in the population an equal chance of existence included in the sample 1. 7 Limitations of the study I wont say that my study and the closings I make are self sufficient. That doesnt mean that there was any dearth of my professionalism and inspiration to reach to the solution, rather it means that I had to face some obstacles. Those may be summarized as follows * It was so difficult to collect the adequate and real data from the assigned organization. Lack of experience in colligate field. * The research area was so far from our institution. * Due to the lack of time I could not find out in depth knowledge of the activities of different department perfectly and clearly.. * Improper combination among various departments. * There was not any research regarding this consequence in this institution. So, it was complication for me to collect data collection. * Adequate obliges, publication and journals were not available. * The respondents were not aware enough about my work. It took me more time to conduct my research. 1. Tentative show of the study This report is composed of eight chapters, which are further divide into different parts. In the first chapter, the introductory portion has been present along with background of the study, Importance of study and the objective of the study and the methodology, restriction and Literature follow discuss in chapter two. A conceptual framework is included in chapter triplet from where we give be able to get the derriereonic idea about the operation of the company. Chapter four includes terminus and discussion based on objective of the study.From where the textile mill collect in the altogether materials, how they collect the raw materials, what are the basic raw material required by the revolve sector are discussed in this chapter. What are the main considerations in ingesting suppliers, process of qualification order for raw material, landing procedure of instant are also discussed in the chapter. The summary and recommendation of the study are discussed in chapter Five. Chapter cardinal highlighted the quotation of the study from where I gathered theoretical knowledge about it. Chapter seven exposes bibliography.And in chapter eight, I have discussed appendices that include some table figure and questionnaire. Chapter Two Literature Review A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contrib utions to a particular visoric. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as much(prenominal), do not report any mod or original experimental work. Most often associated with pedantic-oriented literature, such as a thesis, a literature review usually precedes a research proposal and results section.Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another goal, such as future research that may be needed in the area. There are lots of researches in supply chain management in world. There are many books also regarding SCM. Graham Heaslip (School of Business and Humanities, Department of Management Studies, Institute of Technology Carlow, Ireland) on his book of Supply Chain Management Strategy, Planning and Operation he tried to identify the core activities of SCM of any firm. He discuss about strategy needed to operate SCM activities for smoothly run of production.Ning Cao, Zhiming Zhang, Chester To and Roger Ng (In stitute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong polytechnic University) in their study of Supply Chain Management Practice and Competitive Advantage in Textile and Apparel Industries they conducted an empirical study. They showed there the overall practices of Supply Chain management of various industries in Hong Kong. Pankage Chandra (Professor of operations & Technology Management) Publish a research on The Textile and Apparel diligence in Indian, in The Oxford Companion to Economics in India, 2007.He analyzed Manufacturing management Supply chain coordination whole shebanging technical capabilities Hi-tech entrepreneurship in his research. An article written by Prof. Atanu Ghosh on Supply Chain for the Apparel Industry Some Tipswas create in RETAIL e-LETTER of the Retail Vision Group, hack No. 21, 20th November 2003. He also give some recommendation regarding textile industries SCM practices. A research was conducted in Makson spin around mills Ltd by Student of BRAC Uni versity in Bangladesh. They measured the efficiency of practices of SCM management of Makson Spinning mills Ltd.They also showed Prospectus of MSML, published on 18 September-2008 By Kazi Anwarul Masud in study of Bangladesh Economy- Problems & Prospects with garments and textile industries- Part II on march 2010 mentioned the economic philosophy of textile industries in Bangladesh. Problems and Prospect of Garments Industry in Bangladesh (Part-7) ByAbu Zafour Published 19 October 2009 is another study regarding this. There are problem of garment and textile industries in Bangladesh. Chapter Three Conceptual Framework of Supply Chain A supply chain (SC) consists of all parties confused, like a shot or indirectly, n ful make full a customer request. The supply chain not only includes the manufacturer and suppliers, but also transporters, warehouses, retailers, and customer themselves. Within each organization, such as a manufacturer, the supply chain includes all functions invo lved in receiving and filling a customer request. These functions include, but are not limited to, tonic product development, marketing, operations, distribution, finance, and customer service. Supply chain management (SCM) is the management of a network of interconnected businesses involved in the ultimate provision of product and service shares required by end customers.Supply chain management spans all tendency and storage of raw materials, work-in-process parentage, and finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption (supply chain). some other definition is provided by the APICS Dictionary when it defines SCM as the design, planning, execution, control, and observe of supply chain activities with the objective of creating net value, grammatical construction a competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide logistics, synchronizing supply with demand and measuring performance globally A typical supply chain may involve a variety of stages. These supply chain s tages includes * Customers Retailers * Wholesalers/Distributors * Manufacturers * Component/ Raw material suppliers A firm gutter vary supply of products by arrogant a combination of the succeeding(a) two factors ? Production capacity ? Inventory Following I list some specific approaches to managing capacity and inventory with the goal of maximizing profits. Managing Capacity When managing capacity to light upon sure variability, firms use a combination of the following approaches. a) Time flexibility from workforce b) practice session of seasonal workforce. c) Use of subcontracting. d) Use of dual facilities ) Designing product flexibility into the production in processes Managing Inventory When managing inventory to meet predictable variability, firms use a combination of the following approaches a) Using common components crosswise multiple products b) Build inventory of high demand or predictable demand products. All the Supply Chain drivers discussed up until this point h ave dealt directly with some physical aspect of the supply chain. Information is the supply chain drivers that serves as the glue allowing the other three drivers to work together to piddle an integrated, coordinated supply chain.Information is crucial to supply chain performance because it provides the foundation on which supply chain processes execute transactions and managers stag decisions. With out information, a manager impart not know what customers want, how much inventory is in stock, and when more products should be produced and shipped. In short, without information a manager can only take decisions blindly. Therefore, information makes the supply chain visible to a manager. With this visibility, a manager can make decisions to improve the supply chains performance.In much ways information is the most important of the four supply chain drivers because without it, none of the other drivers can be used to deliver a high level of performance. precondition the role of in formation in a supply chains success, managers must understand how information is gathered and analyzed. This is where IT comes into play. IT consists of the hardware and round the bendware throughout supply chains that gather, analyze, and act on information. IT serves as the look and ears of management in a supply chain, capturing and analyzing the information necessary to make a good decision.Using IT system to capture and analyze information can have a significant impact on a firms performance. For example, a major manufacturer of computer work stations and serves found that much of the information on customer demand was not being used to set production schedules and inventory levels. Information is the key to the success of a supply chain because it enables management to make decisions over a broad scope that crosses both functions and companies. Information must have the following characteristics to be useful when making supply chain decisions 1.Information must be accurate Without information that gives the true mental picture of the state of the supply chain, it is very difficult to make good decisions. That is not to say all information must be one hundred percent correct but rather than the data available paint a picture of reality that is at least directionally correct. 2. Information must be accessible in a well timed(p) manner Often a accurate information exists, but by the time it is available, it is either out of date or if it is current, it is not in an accessible form. To make good decisions, a manager need to have up-to-date information that is easily accessible. 3.Information must be of the right kind Decision makers need information that they can use. Often companies go away have large amounts of data that is not helpful with decision making. Companies must think about what information should be recorded so that valuable resources are not toutd collecting meaningless data while important data goes unrecorded. Supply chain managemen t is a cross- operational approach to managing the impetus of raw materials into an organization, certain aspects of the internal processing of materials into finished goods, and then the movement of finished goods out of the organization toward the end-consumer.As organizations strive to focus on core competencies and becoming more flexible, they have chastend their ownership of raw materials sources and distribution channels. These functions are increasingly being outsourced to other entities that can perform the activities better or more cost effectively. The effect has been to increase the number of organizations involved in meet customer demand, while reducing management control of daily logistics operations. Less control and more supply chain partners led to the creation of supply chain management concepts.The purpose of supply chain management is to improve trust and collaboration among supply chain partners, thus amend inventory visibility and improving inventory velocit y. Several models have been proposed for understanding the activities required to manage material movements across organizational and functional boundaries. SCOR is a supply chain management model promoted by the Supply Chain Management Council. other model is the SCM Model proposed by the Global Supply Chain Forum (GSCF). Supply chain activities can be grouped into strategic, tactical, and operational levels of activities.Strategic * Strategic network optimization, including the number, location, and size of warehouses, distribution centers and facilities. * Strategic partnership with suppliers, distributors, and customers, creating parley channels for critical information and operational improvements such as cross docking, direct shipping, and third-party logistics. * Product design coordination, so that new and existing products can be optimally integrated into the supply chain, load management * Information Technology infrastructure, to support supply chain operations.Tactical * Sourcing contracts and other purchasing decisions. * Production decisions, including contracting, locations, scheduling, and planning process definition. * Inventory decisions, including quantity, location, and quality of inventory. * Transportation strategy, including frequency, routes, and contracting. * Benchmarking of all operations against competitors and implementation of best practices throughout the enterprise available * Production and distribution planning, including all nodes in the supply chain. Production scheduling for each manufacturing facility in the supply chain (minute by minute). * Demand planning and forecasting, coordinating the demand forecast of all customers and share the forecast with all suppliers. * Sourcing planning, including current inventory and forecast demand, in collaboration with all suppliers. * Inbound operations, including emigration from suppliers and receiving inventory. * Production operations, including the consumption of materials an d flow of finished goods. * Outbound operations, including all fulfillment activities and transportation to customers. Order promising, business kind for all constraints in the supply chain, including all suppliers, manufacturing facilities, distribution centers, and other customers. Chapter Four Result and Discussion In this chapter, the study needs to discuss about the existing production system where the SCM system will be focused according to the first objective of this study. Here, there is a chronological discussion about the existing supply chain management activities. The following are the raw materials needed producing finished product of this company- 4. 1 Textile fictitious charactersFibers used for the production of reading are called textile graphic symbols. All the eccentrics are not textile fibers, textile fibers must have some of the essential characteristics e. g. 1) Minimum length to insert twist. 2) Strength 3) fragility 4) Pliability or flexibility 5) Coh esiveness 6) Rigidity or stiffness 7) Elongation & press stud 8) Moisture Absorbency etc. Classification of textile fibers Different textile fibers are used in textile industry. Some of them we get from natural sources and some of them are man-made classification of fibers are shown in the following chartFigure Classification of Textile Fiber 4. 2 Basic Considerations in excerpt of raw material Textile fibers length analysis Wide variations of fiber lengths occur within a fiber of the same source as well as between varieties obtained from different source. basic fibers include all natural fibers except, sild-sidk is a natural chain fiber Man-made fibers, manufactured in filament form, and silk filament fibers may be cut up to form short staple fibers. staple fiber is fiber of like, wool or ramie etc. of no more than a few inches long. string is usually a manmade fiber of in decisive length.The size of story is usually related to the weight of the fabric, for fleshy fabri cs we use thick yarn, for light fabrics we use fine yarn. Textile fibers diameter analysis The diameter of a fiber is the distance across the fibers cross section. The diameter of natural staple fibers is irregular and may vary from one part of the fiber to another. Staple fiber diameters are measured in microns. The diameters of the smooth, even filament man-made fibers is uniform 4. 3 Characteristics of textile Spun yarn * comprise of short staple fibers of definite length make from natural cotton, flax or wool staple fibers * Made from natural or Man-made filaments which are chopped or cut into short lengths and referred to as filament staple yarn. * Individual fiber length vary * Bigger and wider in diameter than filament fiber yarns. * Fuzzy break throughance and feel fiber ends protrude from yarn * Uneven number of fibers throughout * escape from soft, loose construction to hard finished, fine twist yarn * Thick and thin areas highly twist * Fall apart when untwisted * Dul l or flat in appearance * Rough to the opinion Natural textural appearance and feel * Bulkier to the feel * Provide good covering power * Snagging depends on fabrics structure * Pilling depends on fiber content 4. 4 Characteristics of textile blended yarn & fabric In order to achieve certain appearance, and effect on fabrics or to avoid paying high import duty on garments to be exported to the exported to the United States which is the biggest buyer of garments from the Asian producing countries, we often mix different fibers in the yarn to make fabrics. Instead of using only one kind of fiber, we may use 2 or 3 kinds.As each kind of fiber has its own characteristics, when we plan to mix them, we should consider their characteristics to take a leak a hybrid with the characteristics we need. Therefore it is important that we know the characteristics of the following key fibers Cotton Soft, very absorbent, shrinks when serve light-headed to crease. Ramie & linen Compared to cotton, not soft, less absorbent, shrinks when washed, but to a less extent, blowzy to crease Rayon Compared to cotton, softer than cotton equally absorbent, Shrinks more than cotton, very leisurely to crease, has a grandness like silkPolyester Compared to cotton, not soft, absorbent at all, does not shrink in normal wash not easy to crease Wool The characteristics vary dependent on the kind of wool it is, but it has these general characteristics Compared to cotton, not very soft, not absorbent. The staple is reasonably crispy which can lead to a bulky effect when at long last made into fabrics. It shrinks seriously when washed in hot water. Not easy to crease. Nylon Can be soft or firm dependent on the finish applied, not absorbent, does not shrink when washed, not easy to crease, very strongSilk Finer and softer than cotton, equally absorbent, shrinks more than cotton easy to crease, has a smooth surface with luster when it is made into fabric. Acrylic Not soft, not absorbent , dies not shrink in normal wash. The staple is slightly 4. 5 Suppliers Selection and Contracts in one case the analysis has been completed, a list of promising suppliers will emerge. The firm select desired suppliers using a variety of mechanisms including off- line competitive bids, reserve actions, or direct negotiations. No matter what mechanism is used, supplier selection should be based on total cost of using a supplier and not just the purchase price.Before selecting a supplier, the firm must decide whether it will use single sourcing or will have multiple suppliers from which to source the product. Single sourcing is used to plug the supplier sufficient business when the supplier has to make a significant buyer-specific investment. Once suppliers have been selected, contracts have to be structured between the buyer and each supplier. 4. 6 Placement Process of an Order ATM places the order of raw materials to the suppliers. When placing an order for raw materials it needs hi ghest 30 days.For placing an order they use some medium, the mediums are ? E-mail ? Fax ? Letter ? Phone The company asks for proforma invoice from the suppliers using the aforesaid means of communion where the terms and conditions are mentioned clearly. 4. 7 List of relys involved in import of ATM Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd Norshindi Brach, Norshindi Pubali Bank Ltd. Tangail Branch, Tangail. 4. 8 List of Major local Agents of ATM 1. A. R. Cotton 2. Dhaka Cotton 3. handle Scan Intl 4. Desh cot 4. 9 List of Major Supplier of raw cotton of ATM 1. Indian Cotton Company-India 2.LGW Industries 3. P. D. Sekhsaria-India 4. Omprakash Shiva. 4. 10 The Procurement Process Once supplier have been selected, contracts are in place, and the product has been designed, the buyer and supplier engage in procurement transactions that begin with the buyer placing the order end with the buyer receiving and paying for the order. When designing the procurement process, it is important to consider goods that the process will be used to purchase. There are two main categories of purchased goods Direct and Indirect materials. Direct materials are components used to make finished goods.Indirect materials are goods used to support the operations of a firm. A good example of a procurement process that focuses on these objectives is the e-Hub initiative at Cisco. As ATM Mills Ltd. Produce degree centigrade% cotton yarn only, the main raw material is the Fibers. The company imports fibers from, Canada, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, India, and Pakistan etc. Imports of raw cotton by ATM in June-2011 SL SELLER INDENTOR L/C NO Description Bales 01 Cargil Cotton, U. K Bakul Ltd. 2217-08-01-0470 Origin-UzbekistanGrowth-SM, Staple-1. 1/8,Mic- 3. 8-4. 9 NCL, 1110 02 Mambo Commodities, U.K Dhaka Cotton 3037-08-02-0003 Growth-Benin, GradeKaba-SStaple- 1. 1/8, Mic-3. 5-4. 9 NCLPressley-29 GPT 1106 03 Plexus Cotton, U. K Bakul Ltd. 1335-08-01-0534(Bulbul Tex) Origin- MaliStaple-1-1/8, 1092 04 Cottonex Ansta lt, Vaduz Wellcot Interl 1335-08-01-0541 Origin- CIS (Uzbek)Grade- Pervey selected-SM 1164 08 Cottonex Anstalt Wellcot Interl 1335-04-01-0611 Origin- CIS(Uzbek) Grade- Pervy Selected-SM, Staple- 1-1/8, 1206 Total Bales 7777 Statement of Raw cotton Purchase by ATM as on 20 September-2011 1.L/C IN PIPE banknote SUPPLIERINDENTOR L/C NO. rendering OFRAW COTTON QTY VALUE P. D. SEKHSARIA-INDIAcapital of Bangladesh COTTON CO. LC- 0793DT. 05-07-08SBL MCU-5 30 MM INDIA 100M/ oodles=220,460lbs+150 M/ heaps =330,690 lbs (1490 Bales) $ 156,526. 60$ 234,789. 90$ 3,91,316. 00 P. D. SEKHSARIA-INDIADHAKA COTTON CO. LC 0893 DT. 08. 12. 03 SBL SANKAR-6 (SUPER) 28. 56 MMINDIA 120 M/Tons =264,552 lbs (720 Bales) $ 190,477. 44 P. D. SEKHSARIA-INDIADHAKA COTTON CO. LC 0916 DT. 17. 12. 03 SBL MCU-5 30 MM INDIA 120M/Tons =264,552 Lbs (720 Bales) $ 194,445. 2 INDIAN COTTON COMPANY- INDIAA. R. COTTON TRADING, DHAKA LC 0023DT. 10. 01. 04 MCU-5, 30 MMINDIA 244. 9M/Tons=539980 Lbs (1400 Bales ) $ 383,385. 80 2. RAW COTTON IN BOOKING (L/C DUE FOR OPEN) SUPPLIERINDENTOR DESCRIPTION OFRAW COTTON QTY INBALES QTY INLBS U. PRICE VALUE MAMBO COMMODITIES, U. K KABA-S 1. 1/828 GPT 260 M/ scores 573,196. 00 USC 76. 00 $435,628. 96 4. 11 Making Sourcing Decisions in Practice This involves choosing the suppliers that will deliver the goods and services you need to create your products or services.It also involves developing a set of pricing, delivery and payment processes with suppliers and create measurement criteria for monitoring and improving the relationships. Enterprises also need to put together processes for managing the inventory of goods and services that they receive from suppliers, including receiving dispatchs, verifying them, transferring them to their manufacturing facilities and authorizing supplier payments. 1. Use multifunctional teams Effective strategies for sourcing result from multifunctional collaboration within the firm.A sourcing strategy from the purchasin g group is likely to be narrow and focus on purchase price. 2. Ensure appropriate coordination across regions and business units Coordination of purchasing across all regions and business units allows a firm to maximize economies of scale in purchasing and also to reduce transaction costs. 3. Always evaluate the total cost of ownership An effective sourcing strategy should not make price reduction its sole objectives. All factors that influence the total cost of ownership should be identified and used for supplier selection.Build long term relationship with key suppliers A basic principle of good sourcing is that a buyer and a supplier working together will generate more opportunities for savings than the two parties working independently 4. 12 The Role of the safe Inventory in the Supply Chain Safety inventory is inventory carried for the purpose of satisfying demand that exceeds the amount forecasted for a given period. Safety inventory is carried because demand forecasts are unc ertain and a product shortage may result if genuine demand exceeds the forecast demand. Figure Inventory profit with safety device inventoryFor any supply chain, there are two key questions to consider when planning safety inventory 1. What is the appropriate level of safety inventory to carry? 2. What actions can be taken to improve product availability while reducing safety inventory? Impact of Supply Uncertainty on Safety Inventory In many practical situations, supply uncertainty also plays a significant role. Consider the case of the Dell assembly plant in Austin. Dell assembles computers to customer order. When planning the level of component inventory, Dell clearly has to take demand uncertainty into account.Suppliers, however, may not be able to deliver the components required on time for a variety of reasons. Dell must also account for this supply uncertainty when planning its safety inventories. The basic principle of textile is to spin textile fibers into yarn and weavin g . Bales of cotton will be undefendeded, miscellaneous and then will be passed through the blow room line to extract dirt, foreign materials and to open the tufts of fibers and lastly to produce regular figure out by scutcher. The swooshs will pass through the carding machine to tell apart the fibers and to recall dirt, neaps amp short fibers and finally produces break aways.As and when necessary these slivers will pass through the lap occasion to produce comber laps. The laps will be fed to the combing machine to remove the maximum short fibers and ultimately to produce regular slivers. The combed slivers will pass through the draft copy frame, where doubling and indite will be done and will produce regular sliver which will be fed to the unidirectional rime to produce roving and then ell be fed to the gyrate frames where drafting and twisting will be done and will produce yarn in bobbin form. Finally, heat setting of yarn will be done, before coning.Thereafter, indi vidual cones will be wrapped in polythene backpacking in paper cartons ( 100 lb. each carton) and sent to the market. In rotor card sliver will be feed to the draw frame 1st and 2nd passage after that final drawing sliver will be feed to the rotor frame and in rotor frame drafting and twisting will be done and finally yarn will be wind in cone form these cone will be delivered to knitting section 50% will be sold out. Figure Flow chart for producing yarns at ATM Enterprises need to schedule activities necessary for production, testing, advancement and preparation for delivery.This is also the most metric-intensive portion of the supply chain so quality levels, production proceeds and worker productivity have to be measured. 4. 13 stark Parts and machinery used By ATM for yarn production To produce the export yarn the following Spare Parts and m/c s are mainly used by ATM SL Name of section Machine and supernumerary parts specification Quantity 01 Blow room Foreign Fiber Detecto r 1. Nos 02 Carding Taken in under Casing Segment and Stationary Flat 14. Nos 03 Carding Stripping Roller For Flats 14. Nos 4 simplex simplex Saddle Spring SKF Germany 1000 Nos 05 Simplex Simplex PVC Core Cots (Beveled) Size 1 D = 19 mm 0 D = 28 mm Length = 39 mm 1800 Nos 06 Simplex Spacer White and Green Original SKF 500+500=1000 Nos 07 Simplex Flyer Presser For FL 16 ( 108 Spindle) 100 Nos 08 Ring Cot Irradiation Machine( U. V Treatment) 1 Nos 09 Finishing Yarn Conditioner micHeat Salting 1 Nos 10 Quality Control H V I / H F I Mic( For Fiber Testing) 1 Nos 11 Quality Twist Tester 1 Nos 2. weave Power loom 150 4. 14 Textile Yarn Construction Yarn count, yarn ply and yarn construction interrelate to form the characteristics of yarn. Yarn construction is classified as a) Simple/ conventional yarns are two or more simple single yarns plied or twisted together. They are referred to as two three, four, five or six ply yarn. Size and number of plies may be changed for diffe rent weaves or fabric structures. b) Complex/ bracelet Yarns are single or plied yarn structures characterized by international introduced irregularities in size and twist effects.The irregularities of conversion yarns may be uniform. c) Metallic Yarns produced by lacquering aluminum pigment or by laminating aluminum scupper between layers of plastic. Since metallic yarns are flat rather than round as most other man- made fiber yarns, the size of the yarn is specified ininches. d) Textured Yarns are the end result of physical, chemic or thermal manipulation of fibers and yarns so that they are no longer straight or uniform. The manipulation process of textured yarns results in the modification and altering of the arrangement of fiber and yarn. ) Stretch Yarns may be applied to yarns by chemical or mechanical methods. Not all methods or fibers will achieve equality effective stretch properties. 4. 15 Discussion on new gyrate systems Open-End Rotor spinning The most successful of the new spinning systems is open end rotor spinning which is now termed as conventional spinning system. The success of rotor spinning is cod to the increase of its productivity. Advantage of rotor spinning 1. Lower labor cost 2. Less power consumption 3. Cheaper raw material 4. Larger package size 5. Higher productivity, because of higher speed 6.Elimination of roving, no use of simplex m/c 7. easy handling Wrap spinning The wrap or hollow spindle spinning system uses the tecjmoque of wrapping, a continuous filament yarn round a central core of parallel staple fiber and this system can be used for both short and long staple. Wrap spinning is considered as complementary to the ring and not a complete replacement. It is suitable for coarse count up to 30s. clank spinning The basic principle of friction spinning is that it is an opening system, the fibers are carried with an air flow send on the collecting area between two friction surfaces.Friction spinning, like air jet spinning is limited in practice by the yarn quality. Finer count yarn produced in friction spinning than ring or Rotor spinning with comparatively production level. 4. 16 Textile Yarn culture system ATM Yarn finishing starts after Ring till transfer to finished broth For Hank form For cone form Figure Process sequence of finishing 4. 17 Weaving and colour Weaving is a method of fabric production in which two distinct sets of yarns or move are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or stuff.The other methods are knitting, lace making and felting. The longitudinal threads are called the warp and the lateral threads are the pickaxe or filling. The method in which these threads are inter distort affects the characteristics of the cloth. Cloth is usually woven on a loom, a device that holds the warp threads in place while filling threads are woven through them. The way the warp and filling threads interlace with each other is called the weave. The majority of woven products are creat ed with one of three basic weaves plain weave, satin weave, or twill.Woven cloth can be plain (in one color or a simple pattern), or can be woven in decorative or artistic designs. As the final product of ATM is Lungi , it follows very easy method to complete the production process. 1500 shuttle and 250 shuttles-less weaving machine is used in weaving cotton gray and madras check fabric. Weaving back process Yarn dying, sizing, checking design included to speed up and quality control. It produce two types of lungi. First type needs not to dyeing because its color is determined by yarn color. That means this type of Lungis color is automated by the color.The second type of Lungi need dying. Because, it is made from the fabric. The fabric needs dying. Dyeing Modern overflow and Jet dyeing machinery is used in latest rotary and flat bed printing process. 200000 y ds per week production capacity is running at 90% efficiency. Also traditional batik print is its specialty. 4. 18 Problems occurring in SCM and remedial measures of ATM According to the second and third objective of the study, there is a discussion here about problems and remedial measures of SCM of ATM faced by the various participants in the factory.Actually, problems occur in different sector of activities and the remedial measures are suggested by the various participants work in the sectors concern. These are narrated in below. Yarn Faults Some commonly occurring yarn faults and the methods of unequivocal them are as follows a) Slubs Slubs are fish shaped thick places from 1 cm. to 4 cm. long and about 5-8 times larger than the average yarn diameter at the thickest portion. Slubs formed earlier stages due to low-down drafting would get substantially elongated during I ring frame drafting and would get appear as slubs in the yarn.Itcan be controlled in carding stage and then Ring frame. b) Cracders Crackers are short coil-like places in the yarn. Cracker occurs frequently in polyester or polyester -cotton yarns. Remedial steps 1) Increase top arm pressure 2) Use large diameter and narrow width top rollings 3) Ensure that the treat motion functions properly 4) Use of wider apron spacers 5) Increase breaks draft 6) Reduce twist in roving 7) Wider back zone setting 8) Use of heavier traveler 9) Avoid stopping of ring frames. ) Spinners doubles This fault consists of the yarn becoming double in its thickest at some portions. Causes 1) Rove from an inter bobbin in the creel at ring frame going along with the neighboring end. 2) The ring frame tenter permitting doubled rove to be fed into the drafting system at the time of replacing a near empty inter bobbin in the creel. 3) The strand issuing from the front rollers at ring frames going along with an adjacent end on the ring bobbin. Remedy The ring frame tenter should be trained to replace the creel bobbin with a roper piecing of the rove and not by letting the caller rove overlap with the in going rove at the feed. To transfer the lap from the lap pin to a lap rod to suitably handle and feed it to the subsequent m/c (carding) action of Blow Room Line 1. satisfy of opposing spikes 2. legal action of air currents 3. Action of beaters 4. Regulating Action Wastage in Blow Room 1. Droppings 2. Dust 3. Filter waste Faults in Blow 1. maverick lap 2. Knocking off before completion of full lap 3. Rough appearances of full lap 4. Lap sheet thicker at one side than at the others 5. Soft lap 6. Lap defeat 7. Droppings under beater amp grid bars. . Formation of conical lap 9. Formation of conical lap 10. Barrel shaped lap 11. Ragged lap selvedges. Types of Beater in Blow room 1. Porcupine beater 2. bladed beater l 3. Krishna beater Carding Objects of carding m/c 1. To open the tuft of fibers 2. To make the fibers parallel amp straight 3. To remove remaining trash particles 4. To remove short fibers 5. To remove naps 6. To produce a rove like fiber called sliver, which is uniform in per unit length Main actions o f carding machine 1. Action between feed roller amp taker 2. Action between taker in and cylinder 3. Action between cylinder and flat . Action between cylinder and doffer Useful sliver hanks of different counts Count of yarn 10s, 20s, 32s, 40s, 60s, 80s Hank of carded sliver 0. 125, 0. 125, 0. 13, 0. 135, 0. 145, 0. 165 Wastage in carding 1. Taker in waste 2. Flat strip 3. Motes amp flies 4. Sliver cut 5. Filter waste Draw Frame Objects of draw frame 1. Straightening of crimped and hooked fibers 2. Paralleling of fibers 3. to produce more uniform of sliver of definite wt. / yd 4. To reduce the wt. /yard of materials fed. 5. To make perfect blending / mixing of the component fibersWastage in Draw frame 1. Filter waste 2. Clearer waste 3. Sliver cut Comber Objects of Comber 1. To remove the fibers shorter than a predetermined length 2. To remove remaining impurities in the comber lap 3. To remove naps in the carded sliver. 4. To make the fibers more parallel and straight 5. To produce a uniform sliver of required per unit length. Necessity of Combing 1. Clean fiber 2. accordance in length of fiber 3. Absence of naps 4. More parallel arrangement of fibers 5. Straight fibers The above quality of fibers can only be obtained by combing. Speed Frame Objects of Speed frame 1.Attenuation of draw sliver to a suitable size for spinning 2. To insert a small amount of twist to uphold the roving 3. To wind the twisted strand roving into a bobbin Operation involved in speed frame 1. Drafting 2. Twisting 3. Laying out 4. wind 5. Building motion Winding If spinning tension is grater than yarn strength in Ring frame, then end breakage is occurred and also due to roller lapping A. Technological causes B. Mechanical causes A. Technological causes 1. Insufficient twist in yarn 2. If travelers fly off. 3. Subbing through 4. Stretched roving 5. Faulty drafting roller setting 6.Faulty Traveler selection 7. Excessive yarn tension 8. Improper atmospheric conditions B. Mechanical Cau ses 1. Faulty drafting system 2. cadaverous out ring and traveler 3. Faulty gear and wheels 4. Worn out top rollers 5. Faulty apron 6. Spindle vibration 7. Eccentric ring Remedy Both the Technical and Mechanical causes should be taken into account and be careful while winding. Chapter Five Summary This chapter will discuss about some recommendations to conclude the study. According to the last objective of the study, it is needed to design a conclusion providing some recommendation to solve the problems identified.In former portion of the study, some problems are shown regarding the SCM activities of the ATM. Some recommendation are narrated in below- 5. 1 RECOMMENDATIONS I have found a fewer number of factors, which impede the achievement of ultimate goals of Alaudding Textile (pvt. ) Mills Limited. It is not easy to find out the solution by only three months internship. But it can be said that the suggestions mentioned below will obviously increase the efficiency of ATM Limited. 1. Shippers must ship the consignment of cotton within the stipulated date as mentioned in the Letter of credit.Delay in shipment shall be entertained without prior approval of the buyer for extension of shipment date. 2. Government should reduce value and tariff on Textile spares, Textile dyes, Chemical and sizing materials. 3. A committee be formed with members from various importing and exporting countries to review the existing rules and procedures and suggest reformulation of mew rules due to changes that are being taken place in World Trade. 4. Arbitration Board to be reconstituted with members from buyers and sellers country and one to be inducted on the recommendation of ICA. . Arbitration to be held in the country of buyer. 6. Compensation to be paid due to supply of inferior quality cotton should be fixed on the basis of nominal rate fixed by ICA from time to time. 7. Membership fees should be reduced to attract more individual members. 8. The Spinning sector offers lower interest rate on long term and working capital. 9. The compensation as well the benefit package will restrain the employees to leave their assignment and go for any employee movement for higher benefit packages. 0. The Sector should prosper in a situation of political stability and a congenial business environment. Political turmoil and the disturbance are bad for the economy and so also for us. So, Proper steps should be taken by the government to keep this sector free from politics. Finally, the bulge should be equipped with worlds modern and latest machinery andtechnology to cope with the pace in harmony with modern textile world. The Company should situate at a high land where less record of flood.The factory building should have strong RCC foundation, RCC floor, pre-fabricated steel structure to withstand wind, storm, rain etc. along with good drainage facility. 5. 2 Conclusion Sophisticated technology and high thought laboratories have been introduce in the production proces s, which brought new dimension in the purchasing, procuring, storing and maintaining supplies and inventories. The improved transportation and communication as well as competitors threat has made the issue more challenging and competitive. Thus, the usage and need for supply chain management are increasing dramatically.Further, global competitions require the companies continuous response to the customer with new products and replace those that become obsolescence, for these reason companies are combating to find new suppliers and building strong and long-term relationship with them. Hence, managers must have to very rational, logical and sensitive in designing and implementing proper supply chain management in order fight and compete against competitors and attaining organizational goals. Before selecting a supplier, a firm must decide whether it will use single sourcing or will have multiple suppliers from which to source the product.Single sourcing is used to guarantee the suppli er sufficient business when the supplier has to make a significant buyer-specific investment. Once suppliers have been select, contracts have to be structured between the buyer and each supplier. Supply chains can influence demand by using pricing and other forms of promotion. Marketing and sales often make the promotion and pricing decisions and they typically make them with the objective of maximizing tax. Pricing decisions based on revenue considerations often result in a decrease in overall profitability Chapter six annex References Krajewski and Ritzman, operations Management- strategy and analysis, 6th reading ? Sunil Chopra, and Peter Meindl, Supply Chain Management- strategy, planning and operation, 2nd Edition ? Khan amp jain(2004), Financial Management-text amp Problem,3rd edition, p. g 4. 1-4. 57 ? Prospectus of ATM, published on 18 September-2008. ? http//www. itwm. fraunhofer. de/zentral/download/berichte/bericht26. pdf. ? http//bgmea. com. bd/index. php? option=com _contentamptask=viewampid=12ampItemid=26 ? www. atmbd. com prospectus ? http//66. 102. 1. 104/scholar? hl=enamplr=ampq=cacheOKTGNo7eptwJunnayan. rg/Solidarity_Forum/Spinning_the_Chain_Lost_in_the_Queue. pdf+spinning+sector+of+Bangladesh Chapter Seven Bibliography 7. 1 Bibliography A research was conducted in Makson Spinning mills Ltd by Student of BRAC University in BangladeshProspectus of MSML, published on 18 September-2008 ByAbu Zafour Problems and Prospect of Garments Industry in Bangladesh (Part-7) Published 19 October 2009. By Kazi Anwarul Masud istudy of Bangladesh Economy- Problems amp Prospects with garments and textile industries- Part II on march 2010, the economic philosophy of textile industries in Bangladesh.Draft final report on the situation of Bangladesh silk Industry-By The dyeing and finishing. Graham Heaslip Strategy, Planning and Operation of textile Industries (School of Business and Humanities) 2007. Ning Cao, Zhiming Zhang, Chester To and Roger Ng Supply C hain Management Practice and Competitive Advantage in Textile and Apparel Industries (Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong polytechnic institute University) Pankage Chandra The Textile and Apparel Industry in Indian, in The Oxford Companion to Economics in India, 2007. Professor of Operations amp Technology Management)Manufacturing management Supply chain coordination Building technological capabilities Hi-tech entrepreneurship in his research. Prof. Atanu Ghosh Supply Chain for the Apparel Industry Some Tipswaspublished in RETAIL e-LETTER of the Retail Vision Group, Issue No. 21, 20th November 2003. Regarding textile industries SCM practices. Stanton, J, Willian, Michael J Etzel amp Bruce J Walker, Fundamentals of Marketing, McGrow Hill, intentional Book Company, London. Chapter 8 Appendices Questionnaire for the members participating in inbound activitiesDear Sir, I am a student of BBA program, Rajshahi University, is trade union movement an academic internship pr ogram on the topic -Supply chain management of ATM Pvt. Ltd. A critical analysis for this I need your sincerely co-operation in filling the following questionnaire, I assure that the information provided by you will be kept confidential anonymous and will be used for academic purpose only. transport give your agreement about flowing question carefully and give your answer. 1. What is the SCM system in this company? 2. What is the SCM managing policy? 3. What is the importance of IT in SCM in textile? . What is raw material used by ATM? Types of raw material? 5. Import of raw material. 6. How do you select suppliers and who are the suppliers? 7. Which are Banks involved in Import? 8. Process of raw material. 9. Is there any Safety management in production? If, yes, how? 10. Spare parts used in production 11. How is yarn constructed by this company? 12. Spinning system of this mill. 13. Weaving system of this mill. 14. Does Company maintain a good working environment? If yes why? 15 . Does the company well timed(p) pay salary? 16. Inter-communication system among the department of the company. 7. Are all the SCM members co-operating to each other? 18. All the SCM members are contributing in creating companies goodwill. 19. Supplier supply materials properly. 20. Is Storage capacity of the company enough? 21. Does Company maintain proper inventory management? 22. Does The Company train the SCM members in adapting new equipment? 23. Are you well-to-do about the companys performance? Questionnaire for customer Dear Sir, I am a student of BBA program, Rajshahi University, is undertaking an academic internship program on the topic -Supply chain management of ATM Pvt.Ltd. A critical analysis for this I need your sincerely co-operation in filling the following questionnaire, I assure that the information provided by you will be kept confidential anonymous and will be used for academic purpose only. (Please indicate your satisfaction level about companies activities . ) 1. How much contented about companies communication system? i) real dissatisfy ii) sanely dis quenched iii) Neither at rest nor disgruntled iv) jolly satisfied v) Very satisfied. 2. What is your opinion about price of the product? ) Very dissatisfied ii) Somewhat dissatisfied iii) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied iv) Somewhat satisfied v) Very satisfied. 3. Satisfaction level about quality maintaining of the company. i) Very dissatisfied ii) Somewhat dissatisfied iii) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied iv) Somewhat satisfied v) Very satisfied. 4. Satisfaction level of product delivery time. i) Very dissatisfied ii) Somewhat dissatisfied iii) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied iv) Somewhat satisfied v) Very satisfied. 5. Providing transportation facilities of the company is? ) Very dissatisfied ii) Somewhat dissatisfied iii) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied iv) Somewhat satisfied v) Very satisfied. 6. How much satisfied about compensation of defect product claim Mainta ining? i) Very dissatisfied ii) Somewhat dissatisfied iii) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied iv) Somewhat satisfied v) Very satisfied. 7. Customer and company co-relationship level is? i) Very dissatisfied ii) Somewhat dissatisfied iii) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied iv) Somewhat satisfied v) Very satisfied. 8.Supply of product in the market is? i) Very dissatisfied ii) Somewhat dissatisfied iii) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied iv) Somewhat satisfied v) Very satisfied. 9. Satisfaction about the availability Product varieties in market? i) Very dissatisfied ii) Somewhat dissatisfied iii) Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied iv) Somewhat satisfied v) Very satisfied. 10. Satisfaction level regarding order receiving system. i) Very dissatisfied ii) Somewhat dissatisfied iii) neither satisfied nor dissatisfied iv) Somewhat satisfied v) Very satisfied